Genetic Ownership :: Genes Science DNA Essays

Genetic OwnershipIn the past century, advancements in science and technology have allowed composition to further investigate his origin. accomplishment has demonstrated all living things are made up of cells and cells contain genetic material. Scientists soon will be competent to take genetic material from one party and create their traits in another. In doing so, individuals, scientists, and society will be faced with new challenges as to the self-command obligations of genetic material. The following will examine ethical issues of genetic ownership by looking at current and future applications of technology and the ethical challenges they provoke. In 1978 the science of re harvest-tideion exploded into public consciousness with the birth of Louise Brown, the first baby born as a product of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). now using IVF, a couple with fertility problems can give their own genetic material in the form of sperm and eggs to a clinic, merge them to create embryos, a nd insert the embryos into a mothers womb. Society accepts an individuals right to provide their own genetic material to an IVF clinic and create children. Today IVF is a multibillion-dollar, transnational business providing healthy children to caring parents. In 1997 another explosion of public consciousness occurred when the Roslin Institute announced they had successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly was not the product of sperm and eggs, rather she was an exact clone of her donor parent. The embryo of Dolly was created from genetic material of a donor parent and implanted into a surrogate mother. Dolly and her donor parent currently live as the property of the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, UK. As owner of sheep, Roslin possessed the right to request genetic material, perform research, and eventually produce a cloned animal. Today this right of ownership is currently accepted by society. In the future, individuals may have the right to use their genetic material to reprod uce vital organs to be used as transplants for diseased, deformed, or damaged body parts. This process is called therapeutic cloning. Science has demonstrated all living things are made up of cells and all cells contain genetic material. At the core of all genetic material is a primary component of life, deoxyribonucleic acid. Simply put, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) instructs cells how to divide and grow into the living things we see every day. Every human possesses unique DNA. No two persons DNA is exactly alike with the exception of identical twins.

santa clause :: essays research papers

Christmas, few people stop to think how it originated. Started as a pagan holiday during the time of Romans, it authentic in to a Christian celebration dedicated for Christ. People in disparate age groups, both kids and adults, enjoy the sequence of Christmas. Christmas has been very big and an animate holiday for many families around the world for many centuries. Packed with busy shoppers, jingle bells, colorful lights and Santa Claus, Christmas is thought by many people to be the around wonderful time of the year. Winter, snow, Christmas tree, decorations and Santa Claus are very important things which makes us think that it is the most beautiful day of all the year. Everybody waits for Christmas, because that day has varies meaning for different people. But for kids, rather than shoppers, colorful lights, Santa Claus is their main reason why they count the days till Christmas eve. Even though one might ordinate that Santa is moreover a big lie, Santa Claus brings a whole n ew meaning to the season of Christmas. Although almost everyone has already figured out that Santa Claus is a big myth, kids, who are younger than 12 or 13 years, should have the right to be fascinated, to speculated, and to use Santa Claus as a possible role model. Unlike adults most of the kids wait for this season of the year hoping that they might able to get a glance at Santa Claus and his best friends, reindeers. Santa Claus is one of the most important imaginary figures on this earth, who has touched the police van and souls of many children, is Saint Nicholas. It is said that he placed gold coins in the socks of three poor sisters so that they would have a dowry and not be sold into prostitution. St. Nick, better known as Santa Claus, is notorious for bringing gifts to children that are in need. Known for having a huge belly and a gigantic heart, Santa Claus brings commit to kids who are hopeless and smiles to those who have lost theirs. While snuggled in their bed, despe rately trying to catch a wink of sleep, children around the world bide the arrival of Santa Claus. Dressed in red and with a jolly old smile, he manages to fulfill the dreams of kids throughout millions of miles. Even though one might say that, from the

Essay --

Aerogel is a synthetic porous ultra-light material derived from a gel, in which the transpargonnt component of the gel has been replaced with a gas, resulting in a hale with extremely low density and low thermal conductivity. Nicknames include frozen smoke, solid smoke, solid air or blue smoke owing to its translucent quality and the way light scatters in the material. However, it feels like Styrofoam to the touch. Aerogels are solid, rigid, prohibitionist materials that do not resemble a gel in their physical properties. Pressing softly on an aerogel usually does not leave even a minor mark pressing more firmly will leave a permanent depression. Despite the fact that it is susceptible to to shattering, it is very strong structurally. Aerogels are good thermal insulators because they are adept at counteracting the three methods of heat transfer (convection, conduction, and radiation). They are good conductive insulators because they are composed almost just from a gas, and gases are very poor heat conductors. Silica aerogel is especially good because silica is also a poor conductor of heat (a auriferous aerogel, on the other hand, would be less effective). Aerogels are poor radioactive insulators because infrared radiation passes right through silica aerogel. Aerogels by themselves are hydrophilic, exactly chemical treatment can make them hydrophobic. If they absorb moisture they usually suffer a structural change, such as contraction, and deteriorate, plainly this can be prevented by making them hydrophobic. Aerogel was discovered in the late 1930s by chemist Samuel Stephens Kistler. He accomplished this by the process of supercritical fluid drying. A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical poi... ...st spacecraft. The particles vaporize on impact with solids and pass through gases, but can be trapped in aerogels.NASA used aerogel for thermal insulation of the Mars Rover and space suits.The US Navy is evalu ating aerogel undergarments to be used as thermal protection for divers.Dunlop Sport uses aerogel in some of its racquets for tennis, squash and badminton.The production and use of silica aerogels is nonthreatening to the environment. No considerably hazardous wastes are created during their construction. The disposal of silica aerogels is harmless. In the environment, they quickly crush into a fine powder that is basically identical to sand. Additionally, silica aerogels are completely non-toxic and non-flammable. If they eventually find their way into general use, they could eradicate a very large amount of unwanted, hazardous plastic materials.

Essay --

Who knew the cardinal most powerful African Americans that influence innumerous of populate in history and wrote their one of many most inspirational work while locked up in jail? Martin Luther baron jr. was incarcerated because the urban center officials issued a court injunction to prohibit the civil rights marches in Birmingham. Whereas, Malcolm x was arrested for burglary while trying to pick up a stolen watch he had left over(p) for repairs at a jewelry shop. The vie for civil right was taken in the 1960s, where racism was a problem. Whites discriminated blacks because they thought they werent equal to them. This is where Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcom X come in, they are hearty known African Americans leaders who fought for what they believed, in many different ways. Martin Luther King Jr. are two gruelling representations of two different approaches to a common goal.Martin Luther King Jr. was a civil rights leader who grew up in a middle class family and was well educated. King was always against frenzy, even thru his entire ministry. He believed in an integrated society between blacks and whites in one American society based upon the promises of the origination fathers of American that exclusively men were created equal and had the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Even though, he was physically and verbally attacked he always stood his ground and never fought with violence. objet dart in jail for 8 days Martin Luther King Jr. compose Letter from Birmingham Jail. The garner was evidently a response to a letter that tardily ran in the local newspapers by the Birmingham Clergy. Which had claimed that the protesters were unwise and untimely. However, Dr. King chose to express himself in writing instead of violence, by replying Seldom, ... ...res, and plunder, and power. By reading all these books it build hatred towards the whites and anticipated as a necessarily to fight for the human rights of the African American people. In contrast, to Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X decided to fight violence with violence. As a result of his action, know his well known as the ideal civil rights activists for African Americans.Martin Luther King and Malcolm x are both wholesome representations of two different approaches to a common goal. Martin Luther King Jr. preferred a nonviolence approach to the situation. Whereas, Malcolm X handled racism in a savage approach. However, both man believed African Americans deserved their human rights and equal say. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in an integrated society while Malcolm X wanted African Americans to have their segregated neighborhoods just as good as the whites. Essay -- Who knew the two most powerful African Americans that influence countless of people in history and wrote their one of many most inspirational work while locked up in jail? Martin Luther King Jr. was incarcerated because the city officials issued a court injunction to prohibit the civil rights marches in Birmingham. Whereas, Malcolm x was arrested for burglary while trying to pick up a stolen watch he had left for repairs at a jewelry shop. The fight for civil right was taken in the 1960s, where racism was a problem. Whites discriminated blacks because they thought they werent equal to them. This is where Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcom X come in, they are well known African Americans leaders who fought for what they believed, in many different ways. Martin Luther King Jr. are both strong representations of two different approaches to a common goal.Martin Luther King Jr. was a civil rights leader who grew up in a middle class family and was well educated. King was always against violence, even thru his entire ministry. He believed in an integrated society between blacks and whites in one American society based upon the promises of the founding fathers of American that all men were created equal and had the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Even though, he was physically and verbally attacked he always stood his ground and never fought with violence. While in jail for 8 days Martin Luther King Jr. compose Letter from Birmingham Jail. The letter was evidently a response to a letter that recently ran in the local newspapers by the Birmingham Clergy. Which had claimed that the protesters were unwise and untimely. However, Dr. King chose to express himself in writing instead of violence, by replying Seldom, ... ...res, and plunder, and power. By reading all these books it built hatred towards the whites and anticipated as a necessarily to fight for the human rights of the African American people. In contrast, to Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X decided to fight violence with violence. As a result of his action, know his well known as the ideal civil rights activists for African Americans.Martin Luther King and Malcolm x are both strong representations of two different approaches to a common goal. Martin Lu ther King Jr. preferred a nonviolence approach to the situation. Whereas, Malcolm X handled racism in a violent approach. However, both man believed African Americans deserved their human rights and equal say. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in an integrated society while Malcolm X wanted African Americans to have their segregated neighborhoods just as good as the whites.

The Types of Skiing Essay -- Classification Descriptive Ski Sports Ess

Every four years in the Winter Olympics, we take to professional athletescompete in many areas ranging from downhill skiing to high-speed bobsledding.We see the professionals demonstrate their spectacular abilities, and we try toemulate them in our own activities. In the Olympics, cross-country and downhillskiing are two very popular sports, and even non-professionals can get into them.In this essay I will clear up the various types of skiing into three categoriesand inform you about each.The first type of skiing that I will discuss is cross-country skiing.As its name implies, cross-country skiing consists of horizontal travel acrossflat land and relatively few hills. Cross-country skis are not optimized forspeed, but instead for easier long keep travel. This type of skiing is alsothe least expensive of the three types and has recently been gaining many newenthusiasts. A decent quality cross-country ski software system would cost around $150.As for choosing equipment, the skier should pick out poles that are as tall ashis shoulders. (For most people this would mean a 140 cm to 150 cm pole.) Skiscome in three common sizes, 190 cm, 210, cm and 240 cm, and the proper lengthdepends on the height of the psyche. To determine the size needed, the personshould hold his hands above his head and choose the ski that most closelyapproximates the distance from the base of his palm to the floor. Thefollowing table gives some guidelines as to which ...

PSY 301, Introductory Psychology, 1999, Exam 3 :: UTEXAS Texas Psychology

Test 31. The process of getting information out of memory storage is calledA. priming.B. encoding.C. relearning.D. retrieval.E. rehearsal.2. Chess masters corporation withdraw the exact positions of just about pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of NOTE This question turned out to be ambiguous. Everyone gets credit. The expert correct answer, however, is B.A. flashbulb memory.B. chunking.C. iconic memory.D. the serial position effect.E. the method of loci.3. After her last drinking spree, Karen hid a half-empty liquor bottle. She couldnt remember where she hid it until she started drinking again. Karens pattern of recall best illustratesA. the spacing effect.B. proactive interference.C. the serial position effect.D. motivated forgetting.E. state-dependent memory.4. The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is calledA. state-dependent memory.B. retro interference.C. the serial position effect.D. the spacing effect.E. proactive interference.5. Research on the misinformation effect indicates thatA. events from the distant past are especially vulnerable to memory distortion.B. people can easily distinguish between their own true and false memories.C. hypnotic suggestion is an effective technique for accurate memory retrieval.D. it is very difficult to asterisk people to construct memories of events that never happened.E. a leader, such as Clinton or Reagan, can forget bad information faster than good information.6. With respect to the dissension regarding reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest thatA. the accumulated experiences of our lives are all preserved somewhere in our minds.B. the more trying an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten.C. repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood abuse.D. victor therapists can reliably di stinguish between their clients true and false childhood memories.E. adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable.7. Prototype is to form as ________ is to ________.A. rose flowerB. rock mountainC. man womanD. rope weaponE. mountain rope8. At some point during the babble stage, infants begin toA. imitate adult grammar.B. make speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired.C. speak in simple words that may be barely recognizable.D. drop their ability to discriminate sounds that they never hear.E. develop strong sexual urges oriented to the parent of the opposite sex.9. Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they have the skill toA. vocalize the most common vowel sounds.B. acquire language vocabulary as rapidly as most children.

Valkire Movie Review

On April 7, 1 943, he was severely wounded at Subset en Annual, when Allied stir up strafed his vehicle. He lost his left eye, right hand, and last two fingers of his eel Ft hand after surgery. Cool. Sternberg was sick of seeing Hitters Nazi presidency in normal of Germany so he took a big Step for state of ward in his plan to Stop Hitters journey tow awards success. In this part of the movie I wondered why Tom Cruise didnt have a accent while playing the role of a man from Germany. Cool. Sternberg joined the German resistance organization.This organization consisted of a group of en who were antihero and were constantly thinking and conspiring ways the could overthrow the Nazi government the guys in this group seemed re all in ally s mart save in the movie when Sternberg walked in the path were the men were, t hey seemed like they were unsure ab out what to do until Sternberg stepped in Cool. Sternberg meets General Beck and DRP. Girdler. Beck and Girdler are members of the res istances and are besides somewhat important to the German government. If the Valerie military operation was a success, DRP.Girdler would have become the leader of Germany and General Beck wouldve became me the leader of Germanys armed forces. When Cool. Sternberg joins the resistance, he suggests that they should consider using operation Valerie. He takes charge, and agrees to govern this mission because he believed Valerie would be t here only chance of stopping Hitler. I wished in the movie they wouldve explained the Valerie plan a undersize bit more in the beginning of the movie because it took me a while to fully understand it.The actual Valerie plan consisted of Hitters assassination, to take manoeuver of the cities, take control away from AS, and lastly arrest the Men in charge of the Nazi organization. If Hitler was to be assassinated, this would allow the Germ people to no longer have be held under control. Cool. Sternberg believed hi destiny was to save the German peopl e from the awful destruction that Hitler Was creating. Although Sternberg had a family, feel that his love for his country was so strong that he was willing to sacrifice e verything for the greater good o f his country.Cool. Sternberg learns how to use pencil detonators and decides to use this as means to assassinate Hitler. Sternberg was promoted and was now able to go steady to military meetings that Hitler would be attending this was the per effect opportunity for Sternberg to go through with his plan. Cool. Sternberg an his assistant Hafted set out a plan that seemed perfect. Sternberg and Ha often tended to(p) a military meeting that Hitler would also be attending. At this meeting Sternberg and his assistant had everything in place.Cool. Sternberg and Hafted enter the hut, they go in a back manner to arm the explosive. After Sternberg secretly armed the device, he aim the bomb in his brief case and walked in the meeting were Hitler and his associates were located. At this p oi NT of the movie a was so anxious to see if the plan would really work because at HTH s point of the movie, everything was going perfectly as planned As Sternberg enters the war room, he put his briefcase underneath the table on the side closest to Hitler.Hafted goes outside to get their getaway c As Sternberg eagerly stands in the room with the bomb counting down an d his Hitler rambling on, he receives his call that was used as a distraction and ticket t to leave the premises. plot Sternberg is on the phone, Hitler is once again angered and hits the table with his fist, knocking over the briefcase. One of the men in the meeting notices Steadfastness briefcase on its side so he picks up bag and moves it to the other side of the table, which was the opposite side oHitler. As Sternberg quickly merely calmly existed the building, the bomb goes off. It was very loud and created very noticeable destruction. Sternberg WA sure that the target had been eliminated. While watching the mo vie at this pop you have no clue what really happen to Hitler, just figured that since there w still a lot of time in the movie, something had to have went wrong. The director r of this movie did a great blood line creating suspense in parts of the movie.The camp was taken by surprise and the soldiers were ordered to put everything on Lockwood and that no one gets in or out. Sternberg, Hafted and here driver are quickly exiting the camp and come to a road block with soldier there, the soldiers explain that know one is get in or out but Cool Sternberg tricks the soldier by calling people who pose as a general and stating to the soldiers that it is important that Sternberg is able to leave. Flexible calls Queries and assay to explain what happen.But there was such poor receipt that Queries couldnt fully hear what happen, he just knew that the bomb had went off and that everything went as planned. All communication theory were and so cut off. Queries tries to explain to Albrecht w hat happen but Albrecht wants to now for sure that Hitler is dead before he activates the operation. Quirkier realizes that if Albrecht doesnt launch Valerie, everything will be set back an out of order. So Queries took it upon himself to mobile the reserve army without Albrecht even knowing.At this point, Albrecht understood that if he didnt activate it, Sternberg would have no chance of making it out alive. Operation Valerie put Albrecht, Sternberg and Beck in charge of the reserve army and theyre ordered to arrest Everyone who was apart of the An siss and the AS. As the reserve were placing their arrests, they go to the AS quarters, once they enter the headquarters, they Find Joseph Gobbles who is the minister. The communications from the camp were back and Gobbles ca lied Hitler while soldiers were ready to make the arrest.Gobbles gave the phone to the soldier and he heres Doll hitless a voice and thence realizes that Hitler is in fact still alive. When this happen I was so shoc ked because I didnt think they wouldve been able to cancel Valerie after it already being in affect. People SST at the camp had been making rumors about Hitler but Sternberg just ignore deed them and explained to everyone that the rumors were fake, The soldier report deed to Major drinker and Reamer cancels the operation in Berlin and is ordered to arrest the men in charge of this conspiracy.Cool Sternberg heres everything that people are saying about Hitler still being alive but he doesnt think anything of it because he is sure that Hitler is dead because he saw the blast go off. The reserve and AS Officers went to the resistance headquarters and they came to arrest Queries, Albrecht, Hafted, Beck and Sternberg. They all tried to escape and get into a shootout with AS officers. Cool. Sternberg is hi t and the rest of the men are caught. General From sentenced them all to death.

Identify the characteristics beliefs and practises associated with Krishna Essay

And what is the significance for a devotee of Krishna.Krishna is believed to be Vishnus eight incarnations. Vishnu represents the preserver status in the Trimurti but is more ofttimes appreciated in his incarnation as Krishna. Krishna appears in m any mythological stories but is most famously remembered for his part in the Bhagvad Gita. This scripture is believed to have been utter by Krishna himself. Krishna is seen as a king and a conqueror of demons but his followers appear particularly fond of his childhood and youth. His love affair with the stunning cowherdess, Radha is immensely popular with his followers. In many Indian temples dedicated to Krishna, his followers visit (Darshan) his images and present water for washing, drinking, clothes, flowers, incense and gap praise during their puja. Chanting and cantabile the Hare Krishna mantra is a very popular activity found in temples. The maha-mantra is a transcendental sound vibration which awakens love of God in the eye and mind. As with all opposite activities, music is considered a sacred offering to God.Murtis of Krishna are ritually installed temples, as it is believed that it is actually full of divine look of Krishna. Krishnas pictures often portray him as the young flute player, surrounded by cows, teasing the gopi girls, or occasionally as the repellent friend and sluice as the charioteer who accompanies Arjuna. These different images illsurate the different forms of relations a Hindu can have with god, either as best friend, a lover or mischievous son.To achieve an understanding of Krishna it important to be aware of the events in the Bhagvad Gita. Arjuna is preparing for a battle in which he will be fighting against his own members of the family. He feels that this is morally wrong and has conversation with his charioteer. His charioteer, Krishna is the supreme lord in disguise. It is here Krishna explains the path to self inflammation and to discovering the inner atman. Krishna points o ut that the soul does not top in battle, but moves into a new one.The soul can not be pierced, it can not be parched, it can not be wetted, it is everwhere, dogged He reminds Arjuna of his dharma and the effects of Karma. Krishna goes further on to state that is not action itself that should be avoided but the results of it. One should not think of particular rewards for their actions but offer selflessly to the Lord. This is the function of Karma yoga. Having taught this he goes onto mentioning different paths such as jnana and yoga and presentating the need for reaching a state of samadhi through knowledge and devotion.The festival calendar varies parting to region throughout India. The festival to celebrate the birth of Krishna is held between August and September and is called Janammastami. The bhagvad Purana which focuses on how to be yogi is often read out.Krishna unlike some of the other supreme deities, acknowledged that there were those who were marginalized such as the low caste and women and therefore highlighted that there were many different paths for each Hindu to reach liberation in his own way.Krishna is encompasses the perfect balance between performing his dharma in such a way that good karma is continually repeated. Through performing jnana and bhakti yoga, a devotee can offer selfless acts, which will be received with Krishnas grace and blessings. Therefore Krishnas love for Radha is the perfect example for any Hindu to achieve a harmonious union with the Lord and achieve moksha.

Cost of Living in America

Samad Saadiq Cost of Living in America America is the best place to live. But cash is the key to survival (Crute) which both Americans live by. With the economy growing fast so is the cost of living. The cost of living is the amount of money it cost to survive with the basic necessities. Even though majority Americans survived off of the cost of living, they believed that things would get better, and they would be able spend money on things other than necessities. The changes in the type of jobs, necessities, and how people spent money 50 years ago to now increase the cost of living.This is why the cost of living provides more jobs, better give way, and better places to live. With work being the sole(prenominal) source of income people viewed it as an obligation (Crute). Work was something that everyone did, and wasnt considered a job (Crute). People worked because they had to it was the only way to survive. Families could not survive if their parents did not work, because there was no money. Although most of the money that came into the households came from the parents children also worked and brought in money.The only jobs that existed were jobs that provide goods and services needed for survival. My mother was an in house nurse and worked barely for minimum profits (Crute). The average American would endure $49,000 for a house, 35 cents for cigarettes, and one cent for candy (Crute). A place to stay and food to eat are the necessities. seldom was money spent on things such as movies, candy, or eating out. Living was just living and we survived just fine off of the basic ineluctably in 1960. The 21st century is a lot different compared to how people viewed the world 50 years ago.Most people go to work because they enjoy what they do or they enjoy the benefits from the job. There are jobs for just rough anything you want to do in the world, encouraging more Americans to work. Majority of Americans work, just now the government is moreinvolvedin helpi ngstrugglingfamilies who dont work to survive. There are child labor laws that prohibit children from working until they turn at least 14 years old. The economy is in such a terrible state that nothing is cheap, increasing the cost of living. The average loaf of bread cost about $3. 9 which is more than a gallon of gas. Even though nothing is cheap we do spend money on more than necessities. People pay thousands of dollars to put rims on their cars instead of hubcaps.This is like throwing away money. Hard earned money should be spent notwithstanding not wasted. Crute remembers paying 25 cents for a gallon of gas, that we now pay $2. 79 for. In order to keep up with the increasing prices of these products and people living their lavish life styles, they have to pay workers more money to survive. With the cost of living now at $8. 5 per hour (WHD) people feel encouraged to spend it on the finer things in life. Such as the $49,000 dollar home this now costs $350, 000, or a $30,000 car . Even though the cost of living is expense it created better opportunities for American citizens. Money is everything and Americans have been given more over the years because it costs more to live it in a beautiful place. Citizens still need the necessities but now there are more than just food and shelter that are considered necessities. If it wasnt for cost of living costing so much we wouldnt be able to enjoy our money like we do now.It would feel like the people who worked 50 years ago like an obligation but it doesnt. Everything has increased from the number of jobs to the amount of money we bring home in just one month. The cost of living is now more than survival its about living life.Word Count 672 words Works Cited Crute, Samad. Cost of Living. Telephone interview. 1 Nov. 2010. U. S. Department of Labor enlist and Hour Division (WHD) Minimum Wage Laws in the States. The U. S. Department of Labor Home Page. N. p. , n. d. Web. 05 Nov. 2010. <http//www. dol. gov/whd/m inwage/america. htm>.

Conviction Offense and Prison Violence

Conviction offense and prison military group The area of the above statement by backside Sorensen and mark D. Cunningham reveals that the disciplinary data d one in 2003, involving 51,527 inmates who were serving sentences in the department of corrections of Florida and of the 51,527 involved to generate that data, 9,586 were homicide convicts charged on different degrees of homicide. The homicide convicts were amongst those researched on in respect to their involvement in prison violence and misconducts.Previous misconducts related to discipline and other forms of violence reported by the numbers of inmates present at the time of the evaluation which was 14,088 and a class of inmates who are kept under strict and direct supervision, of which they were 4,113 in total, were also considered. The preference and prevalence of violence in prisons reduced as the seriousness of the crime under which the inmate was sentenced change magnitudes. The study revealed that close custody inmate s were not involved in or acquire had anything to do with the violence that erupts in the facilities in which they are located.Moreover, some negative regression models used to evaluate this observation shows that serious convicted offenders are less involved in prison violence than their colleagues who have been convicted of way less charges. The three strike laws provides the law courts with the power to impose harsher judgments and much than severe punishments if a person is convicted more than three times with the degrees of the charges increasing. The laws however, limit the punishment to life imprisonment.In another study related to this, it was found that correctional facilities experienced more cases of institutional mis deportments than those facilities that are meant for effort with no correctional intentions. Actual figures from the study shows that inmates in confinement facilities are less likely to be involved in any form of institutional misconducts than their cou nterparts in correctional facilities where most cases of these misconducts are reported and on a regular basis.This study can see an increase of officers in this correctional facilities and more tough rules on prison discipline inside correctional facilities. Violent girls or relabeled status offenders? Feld Barry C in his work about whether convicted girls should be turn to as violent girls or should be relabeled as status offenders who in most cases usually refers the offences that minors commit reveals that the government who are the policy makers and the juvenile person justice system has expressed their worries about the rising number of young girls being arrester over petty issues.Other interested parties in this issues have seen that the precedent of the arrests to be the following ? Due to the fact that the public is tired of the bad behaviors exhibited by these girls leading to their regular arrests. ? Increased monitoring of home related violence in which the girls are the most adversely affected group and which can result in behavior convince on the part of the girl. Policy change in the juvenile justice system and also the changes in the way parents go about with their parenting of the girl child. The author is for the idea that there should not be institutionalization of these status offenders which is reflected in the policy changing of the juvenile justice and delinquencies prevention act -deinstitutionalization encourages that minor offenders be referred to as delinquents so as to make those institutions where these proving arduous to deal with are confined.The author goes ahead to analyze data on the pattern of arrest and the confinement records for both and girls who are termed to be violent and have been charged following simple and aggravated acts, questioning that the fluctuating figures in number of victims and the rate differences, and the confinement of these violent girls and boys agrees to a different manner of the increase in gi rls violence that moves together with the thesis that explains social construction.In a different study but on the same issue of the girl rehabilitation programs, one program named multi-systemic therapy has been a success because it provides a holistic manner where a team from the state or government work together with the parents of the affected girls and in the process tries to change the parents behavior. This is usually done where parental activities have been found to be a cause for the girls behavior change and therefore influences negatively on the childs growth and development.The team working with the parents also goes to the extent of going to the schools and evaluating if the child is responding positively to the upstanding program. The only real problem and hence a constraint of this very effective program is the cost, its too expensive and many parents cannot afford it. The study also reveals that non-specific gender programs works more effectively than gender specifi c programs. However, the study also shows that programs that are gender specific have positive personal effects in certain areas that include improved relationship with family members, employment, education and other psychological social outcomes.

Theodore Adorno’s notions of ‘standardisation’ and ‘pseudo-individualism’ might be applied to contemporary pop music

Basing your discussion on an analysis of at least 2 contemporary artists or bands, consider the ways that Theodore Adornos notions of calibration and pseudo-individualism might be applied to contemporary pop harmony. Do you see any problems or shortcomings from this approach?Popular refining has enticed much research with the step-up of media studies there are a number of minds picking apart what they see. With icons filing up and saturating mediums such as television, magazines, radio send to name a few, the celebrity filled industry is undoubtedly causing a stir amongst the masses.Theodore Adorno (1903-69) emigrated to England in 1934 to escape Nazism. He lived in the United States of the States for 10 years, (1938-48) before returning to Frankfurt, where he was a member at the Frankfurt Institute of Social Research. Theodore Adorno was a key figure in the bring of public practice of medicine and had intrinsic Marxist view on the capital nature of society. Adorno believed that the close industry is the central agency in contemporary capitalistic economy for the production and satisfaction of false needs. (Adorno, T and Horkheimer, M. 1977, p349).He argues that universal music is a mass-produced and shallow standardised part of the culture industry. This would offer that all aspects of popular music including types of sh erupts, nervous strain lyrics and parts of songs e.g. chorus, are all standardised. (Longhurst, B. 1995, p5).Popular music is therefore divided into particular categories or genres of music such as rock, pop, rap, heavy metal and reggae etc, besides according to Adorno, all popular music is standardised consisting of verse, chorus, bridge, that are interchangeable from one song to another. The effects of standardisation are often hidden by what the industry calls pseudo-individualisation. These are incidental differences, also kn throw as frills that are put within a song to disguise that it sounds the equal.Adorno distinguishe s sharply between pop music and serious music between high culture and low cultures. Serious music, which he regards as classical, van Beethoven or Mozart for example, plays to the diversions of the vagary offering an engagement with the world, as it should be.Especially due(p) to this separation his theories were often attacked for being elitist. The comparison of pop music and serious music was a main topic for him. Adorno describes individuals who enjoy popular music corrupt by immersion and open to the domination of industrialised capitalist systems. (Longhurst, B. 1995, p8). This view narrations for the stirred up needs that popular music may fulfil as false and immature, rather than deep and/or pe give the axerating. Adorno continued to equate the form with Tin goat god Alley and jazz orientated variations of it, ignoring the rise of rock and roll in the early 1950s. This undermined his critique and resulted in his views generally being strongly rejected by more contempo rary rock analysts. (Shuker, R. 1994 23).Adorno claims that Popular music is churned into a production line where everything sounds similar, its an industry that exploits us for profit and affectionate control, to accept certain conditions well-nigh the world in which we live through a capitalist society. It would be fair to say that to some extent this is true. We do live in a capitalist society and in the music industry the process of absorption is achieved by capitalism through advertising and marketing of a product with a pop star or pop band. Everything about them becomes a commodity, their clothes, visit, likes and dislikes etc, transcends its immediate functional use to become a key symbol of a social unit lifestyle. The argument implies that the rise of the popular music to mass status is a consequence of the symbolic strategies invested in it rather than the actual quality of the music.This essentially government agency that although the products of the culture industry are alike in most cases, some individuality is consciously added to make it different from the rest even though essentially it is the same product. This is pseudo individualism. Adorno uses the Hollywood star system as an example, the more dehumanised its method of operation and content, the more diligently and successfully the culture industry propagates supposedly great personalities, and operates with heart throbs. (Adorn, T. 1991, p87).A modern day example can be seen in boy bands such as Westlife, Nsync, Backstreet boys and the most recent unitary true voice derived from Popstars the rivals, a spin of show produced originally as Popstars in January 2001. Although the music is very similar in structure, tonality and content, the customer can take aim between several versions of these boy bands.It could be suggested, the culture industry produces culture, which the masses consume unthinkingly and are thus confirmed as unthinking. It is a culture which produces satisfaction in the here and now, depoliticising the working class, limiting its horizon to political and economic goals that can be achieved within the oppressive and exploitive framework of capitalist society. (Storey, J. 1998 p188).The earreach, through a selection process selected the new boy band, iodin True Voice over a number of weeks. A assort of 5 males aged between 17 and 22, they do fit into a typical boy band category. They released a Christmas song called Sacred Trust which is actually a cover version of another male group the Bee Gees. Adorno would claim that we as masses consume everything the business churns out and on a personal direct I would agree as this appears to be both standardised and contains pseudo individualism as it is sung by a new group with added frills thus far this has been apparent in popular music for generations and manufactured groups will continue to use this method in order to generate more sales. We live in a consumerist society where these manufactured groups are providing a service for their audience. A major critique of this is that Adorno does not look at the emotional response of the audience and how standardisation is also a form of pleasure. By this it means that standardisation is a form of security for the audience and this predictability is often welcoming.Adorno and other writers of the Frankfurt school, especially Herbert Marcuse (1898-1978) sees the process of the culture industry as a means of capitalist society to stabilize itself.Theodore Adorno claimed that popular music operates as a tool of social cement. Although his writings was published in 1941, his accounts on popular music does not account for the complexities of recent popular music and popular culture. He is heavily criticised due to his unchanging elitist views and it would be fair to say that popular music is not as monolithic as Adorno claims.The perspectives offer a relevant but rather pessimistic and what can be considered as narrow minded views of popular music. They have offered foundations for interpretation and understanding of music however many theories since have built on how audiences contextualise and use the products of mass culture rather than what the culture industry does to the audience.Antonio Gramscis (1891-1937) work on Hegemony opened many doors for thought, including ideas that members of society negotiate with the products of the culture. (Fiske, J. 1992, p309). Hegemony helps identify that popular culture is not simply imposed on the subordinates by the bourgeoisie and that people are not simply passive and helpless mass unable(predicate) of discrimination and thus at the economic, cultural and political mercy of the barons of the industry. (Fiske, J. 1987, p309)Fiske suggests that audiences draw contrasting ideas from different text. bloody shame is a fine example where pleasure of the audience is in the post of a severely suboridatly subculture to make their own statements and own meaning. (Fiske, J . 1987, p233)These theories have their strengths and differences in helping unpack the tapestry of music. One element they all share is the acknowledgement that pop music has classic social effects. Who are the main consumers of popular music? Youth are highest go through marketing within pop music accounting for the highest percent of single sales. Bradley (1992) accounted the significance with youths and music as reaction to post war teenager with an increase in disposable income and new position in society. James Coleman (1961) highlighted the separateness of youth culture from adult society and its closeness to the market through pulmonary tuberculosis of popular music. Consumption has been linked to youth culture as far covert as the 50s, where growing western markets created specific products and goods for the teenager. (Wulff, H. and Taliai, A. 1995).An example of success in popular music is Madonna. She is a key figure in the pop industry as a pioneer for breaking conven tions within gender and cozyity, and has been about for 3 decades, now in her 50s still appealing to the youth, However much debate on Madonna has taken place focusing on her image rather than her music. She has been perceived as the lowest form of irresponsible culture a social disease and an inauthentic product of the culture industry who was involved of the maturation of others of the gain of that industry. (Bryman, A. 2001).In relation to Adorno he may have perceived Madonna to be a cultural product, taking pseudo individualism to an extreme, which in turn made her very popular. Madonna moves from various genres of music and blends them together she had a hit record with Dont cry for me Argentina a more operatic song very different to what is considered mainstream music. I feel that Adorno would have critiqued this as popular classical as she took something that can be considered elitist and brought it into popular culture.This view is contrasted with her comparison as an org anic feminist who allows girls to see that the meaning of feminine sexuality can be in their control, can be made in their interests, and that their subjectivitys are not necessarily totally determined by the dominant patriarchy. (McClary, S. 1991.)McClary in her analysis of Madonna has found her to be exceptional as a musician who has endured retained an incredible amount of power as a successful female artist over three decades. A simple look at her back catalogue and it is apparent that she uses sexual power as a commodity alike many women throughout western history. Including seventeenth century composer Barbara Strozzie, who was one of a few women who broke through the elite circle of classical music, by posing bare breasted for publicity. It would be very interesting to know what Adorno would account for that. (Rosand, E. 1986).Madonna however brings hypocrisy to the surface and problematizes it. With publications of her book, sex and video discourses like in Bed with Madonna She takes a key role in the aggressor sexually. She connects the notions of power and sex and projects it back outwards into the main stream hands on hips Gautier bust pointy and proud. Her intentions never simplistic, it is possible her representations aim to detach stigmas and notions of taboo to certain sexual matters. This may lead to greater tolerance for those engaged in these perverted practices and a layered stream of meanings dipictable from her messages.Irony has been depicted as a key system in her possible master plan. In Like a Virgin her little girl voice and play with signs of famous temptresses, her pouts, her coquettish nature and using conventional music signs of childish vulnerability projecting her knowledge that this is what patriarchy expects of her and also her awareness that this fantasy is ludicrous. (McClary,S. 1991, p153).A principal factor in the understanding of Madonna messages is the language of cultural experiences and perceptions that she speaks t o her audience with. Madonna gives her audience standardisation in the sense that some of her music can be chopped and changed however she also gives her audience challenging and contrasting views about being a woman in todays society, that could be argued against Adorno as being engaging, testing and also plays to the pleasures of the imagination offering engagement to the world as it is now.Her audience within popular music are aimed specifically at the mass (for financial and wider broadcast of her messages) and as evidence in that she plays for the lowest common denominator-that she prostitutes her art an extension of her self. Prostitution is a service never the less, and it evident that she uses her role to play with traditional boundaries and identities. Madonna uses the tool of fantasy a mode typical of the culture industry, however she here compliance to the powers stop, as she twist notions within them. Her fantasies have been seen as ambiguous and unsuccessful for men an d she has been compared to a genuine Boy Toy as male interpretations and reactions to a majority are often that of anxiety and unease rather than appease. (Rolling gem 508 March 28th 1989). On the other hand, the power of Madonna is undoubtedly clear, her vast empire of her Production Company, her own music label and a net value of 600 Million speaks volumes about her nature as a business women as well as an artist and social figure.It is fair to say that that although popular music in todays generation can be considered as standardized, and to a great extent, manufactured music will always be so, Adornos views are out of date and biased as he had a very low opinion of popular music. Being a musician himself, his opinions were based on his own assumptions of high and low culture and although he did make some substantial claims about standardization and pseudo individualization, popular music today has more important factors to be dealt with such as the messages it is portraying. On e being that we do live in a consumerist society where essentially everything is a product, even classical music today, which Adorno would have considered high art is now commercialized and used as a commodity to sell through advertising. Through it all music captures a moment or feeling that Adorno does not account for. Music is another form of expressing an emotion whether it is classical or pop music and it is there for enjoyment, to domiciliate a service and an option to listen to whatever pleases the ear.

Earned Value Management System Essay

Earned Value Management System (EVMS) guiding principles incorporate top business practices to give fond benefits for schedule or enterprise seening and control. The process includes the incorporation of program scope, schedule, and cost objectives, establishment of a baseline plan for success during the execution of a program. The structure provides a solid foundation for problem recognition, corrective actions, and management replanning if required. This system helps program management integrate the work scope of a program with the schedule and cost elements for most favorable program planning and control.There ar three basic elements of earned value management which ar plan Value (PV) developed cost (AC) and earned value (EV) each of these elements are used on a standard basis as of a reporting date. Planned value (PV) is the total cost of the work schedule calculated as PV or BCWS=Hourly esteem* Total Hours Planned or Scheduled. Actual cost (AC) is the cost taken to comp lete the work as of a reporting date calculated as AC or ACWP=Hourly Rate* Total Hours Spent.Earned value (EV) is the total cost of the work completed/performed as of a reporting date calculated as EV or BCWP=Baseline Cost* % Complete Actual. Some of the principles involved with earned valued management system (EVMS) are as follows * EVMS information is used in the transcriptions management processes. * Create a plan for all work scope in the program from beginning to end. * Have a structured dislocation of the program work scope into set pieces that can be assigned to a liable person or organization for control of technical, schedule, and cost objectives. utilise actual costs acquired and documented in accomplishing the work performed.* Incorporate program work scope, schedule and cost objectives into a performance measurement baseline plan against which accomplishments may be measured. The fundamental nature of earned value management is that, providing a stage of detail approp riates for the amount of technical, schedule, and cost risk or suspicion connected with the program, a target planned value (i. e budget) is created for each scheduled element of work.As work is completed, their target planned values are earned. Summing up the earned value management system it is an efficient project management process used to find variances in projects based on the comparison of work accomplished and work planned. The Gold Card is individual-sheet reference that provides definitions of common Earned Value (EV) terminology. It lists EV metric equations, and labels the most common EV graph. It also summarizes the EVM policy and EVM receiveing requirements.At the bottom contact information to the EVM home page is provided. Other elements located on the Gold Card are variances, overall status, DoD metrics, baseline execution index (BEI), estimate at completion number, and complete performance index (TCPI). A structured breakdown of contract prices that branches off a ll the way down to work packages and planning packages is displayed on the Gold Card. The earned value management Gold Card is a happy reference tool for project managers to use for their own personal use.

Evaluate Social Identity Theory Essay

Social identicalness speculation is designed by Tajfel and Turner (1979) to explain how it is that state develop a sense of membership and belonging in particular convocations, and how the mechanics of intergroup discrimination. Several interconnected mechanisms argon at work with social identity theory. The core idea is that large number tend to seek out-group membership as an affirmation of self-esteem, but that membership in a group alone is non enough to build self-esteem. To feel more self esteem, people have to believe that they argon in the right group, which creates the need for a positive promissory note from other groups. There argon three cognitive processes that are Social Categorisation, Social Identification and Social Comparison. Tajfel and his colleagues divided some schoolboys in to 2 polar groups, they bothocated them randomly into the groups but the participants horizon that the groups were defined by their preferences to paintings.They had to give out p oints to the in-group and the out-group but were not allowed to give points to themselves. The participants would favour people in their group quite a than the participants of the other group. In many cases the participants would sacrifice points for their group just to increase the difference between the groups. The participants would give 7 points to their own group and give the other group 1, although they could have given 13 to each group. This shows that you basis be easily be put in a group for a peasant thing and you would stick together and go against the other group and see them as the enemy without having any real reason.Caroline Howarth carried out the second interrogation. The participants all lived in the Brixton area, which was seen as a poor and violent place and also where a lot of black people were prospect to have lived there and were thought of being the main cause of violence. Within the first set of focus groups (total of 7), she asked teenagers to talk abo ut Brixton, she asked them to tell me about Brixton what it is like for you to live here and how people outside Brixton think about Brixton. Howarth used a topic guideline to ensure that central research questions were always covered (on community, inclusion, exclusion, identity, ethnicity, the media, prejudice, racism, the school).The organisation of focus groups into friendly relationship groups made it possible for participants to discuss these experiences with admirable confidence, maturity and understanding. It can, nonetheless, be difficult for the social researcher to access such sensitive material. When the moderator is an outsider and when research participants wear off (often correctly) that the researcher has little experience of the kind of discrimination and challenges to self-esteem that pervade their lives, mistrust and suspicion may harm the research relationship. The girls answered positively and were happy to be from Brixton and did not want to move away and did not see any problems. This would shock people, as they would have thought people would move away if they had the chance. They are creating a social identity, as they are happy to be a part of the Brixton identity.There are some problems with this study as there are some ethical issues, they were deceived as they were lied to in the Tajfel study as they were just randomly picked and had nothing to do with their views on the paintings. Whereas the Howarth study they were not deceived which is a good way to carry out a study but they might have lied with their answers to please the examiner and have changed their behavior to be positive and not how that even the people who live there think the same as everyone else.Both of these studies are valid as the research supports the theory and the results can be applied to everyday life. The Tajfel study shows how people at school in the playground group and pick the group they have the most(prenominal) in common with and communicate with the m and if they do not seem to have anything in common they would not stay there. The second study by Howarth can also be applied in everyday life as people create social identity all the time, if a place is thought of negatively by people who do not live their then the people who do can make a social identity and be happy and have positive thoughts about this area and not agree with the others.The theory seems to be a good and plausible theory as the research supports the theory that people automatically divide the social world into the in-group (people like me) and the out-group (people who are not like me). The people see the people in their group as similar to them but 2 different groups seem to be so different from each other when not in all cases they are that different from each other.

Self-reliance: Transcendentalism and Emerson

Self-Reliance Juny Bernadin AML2000 12-Week 2 Professor Andrew Smith October 29, 2011 Thesis Statework forcet Self-Reliance has its value in its boldness, its construction, and mount up attitudes toward evenness and letdown. In addition, Emersons confident logic seems impregnable. To Emerson, not only is self-doubt absolutely out of the question, further it is a virtue to believe that everyone believes as you do. He writes that thither is no value in carriage but personal principles and goals, and that society is irrelevant. Self-Reliance Self-Reliance, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, is a persuasive essay promoting the ways of sacred views.He uses this essay to advance a major point using a structure that helps his argument. In Emersons essay, he begins his concluding thoughts with a statement that greater self-reliance and brings a revolution. He then applies this root word to society and all of its aspects, including religion, education, and art. This brings Emerson to a new, to a g reater extent precise focus on how societies never advance kinda it recedes on one side. This shocking, yet intriguing, idea supports and increases the uses of tone, image, example, and the consequence of ignoring his opinion.The result is an accumulation of ideas into the major points that, Nothing laughingstock bring you peace but you. Nothing support bring you peace but the triumph of principles. With the major points and devices used by Emerson defined, it is now possible to examine in greater detail how he persuades the reader, commencement with the use of tone. The use of word choice, sentence length, and structure, as well as creationy other factors roofy the tone of this root word. The result is a paper that has a provocative tone. A paper written in this authoritative trend is helpful in his affiliation. It pulls the reader into the authors ideas, making them your own.The tone of the paper allows descriptions to be extremely powerful in promoting Emersons ideas. Th e descriptions are numerous by dint ofout the paper and there is a deep-seated one towards the end of the essay that really helps to shape it. Society is a turn over. The wave move onward, but the water of which it is composed does not. The clear metaphor of society to the wave and the particles of water to the hatful distinctively demonstrate Emersons idea the society never advances. If a man is not self-assured and is unable to share himself with others, as people die so too does their experience.Nevertheless, the readiness to be self-governing eliminates this loss of experience. Although this metaphor is strong enough on its own to provide all of the support inevitable for the idea that society never advances, Emerson adds to it and his other ideas with examples. The first examples used to support the lack of progression of society. The down man of the Americas and Europe compared to the savages of New Zealand. It is here that Emerson brings into question the digression in physical strength of men as he makes advances. These advances do just as much harm as good, making man lazy and indolent.Other areas that Emerson scrutinizes are the loss of skills that only years ago were essential, such as the ability to tell time by the sun, and the loss of attention to detail. With Emersons ideas clearly imbedded in our mind, and added by his style of inductive writing, he uses the consequences of ignoring him as the final blow in this battle to persuade. Although no consequence is clearly define, Emerson has made it more than clear what will happen if people do not become more individualistic. Society will stay as it is, no matter how many technological advances made.This fear of being no better nor advanced than previous eras is the most powerful motivator for change of all. Emersons scrap not to rely on fortune, rather to make things happen for you is exactly what he want it to be, motivational and persuasive. Conclusion In conclusion, the promotion of t ranscendentalism in Emersons essay Self-Reliance is the promotion of a way of better living according to Emerson. The structural support of self-reliance in Self-Reliance through tone, image, example, and the consequence of ignoring Emersons opinion achieves the goal of persuasion.This produces the final result of a vote for independence, telling, Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles. The previse of the transcendentalist of personal peace with the achievement of self-reliance would be nothing more than an outlandish idea without Emersons ability to structure and support his idea. Reference 1. AML2000 12 Self-Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Page 29 222, Oct 2011 2. AML2000 12 Self-Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Page 223, 29 Oct 2011

Implementing new technology Essay

originate 1- Changes That Organisations Have Had To fill To Their Activities and Performances callable to bargon-assed engineering science 2 Activities 2 Performance 4 Part 2 How Employees and Employers are Affected by Changes in IT 6 Part 3 How Organizations Can Manage Risks When victimisation New Technology 8 Cyber Crime 8 Security Mea undisputables 9 Part 1- Changes That Organisations Have Had To Make To Their Activities and Performances due to New Technology Activities Organisations welcome to adapt their activities to promote their intersections and acquisition of intersections and revolutionary(prenominal) transactiones. Adapting Sales and Marketing Strategies. rough placements are duty off changing the musical mode that they market and sell their harvest-festivals to show their usings in IT. Organisations give nonice now market their product by showing it on search engine results, this is a cheaper way in marketing their product world wide but it readiness be hard frig well-nighting the top spot on a search results page. Business deals batch non solo be by the phone where mess rescue to be employed, it nooky now be done by email, over the meshing, conferences and video c e actually(prenominal)s. This bequeath admit the giving medication to get the product quicker and lease generate more than disdain from abroad.This after part excessively reduce the price of the product and this might be passed on to the customer, this en entrust allow the giving medication to be more competitive. Organisations back tooth habituate viral marking to promote products. They can put adverts on social net prevails, were raft entrust send randomness to a nonher person. This testament work well with teenagers who character social entanglements a lot. Some constitutions leave alone partner up with from each one other organisations to promote each products on their web web sites. Organisations can monitor or log sales using spec ialiser parcel. This ordain allow them to get a much greater understanding of the impact of products on consumers.They will be sufficient to adapt their product range on demands of customers. They will be commensurate to do this by flavor at feed sustain through the ordering system. Adapting New Purchasing Opportunities The developments in IT bring on availed organisations to adjudge quicker and easier automatise ordering systems. Some organisations workout EDI to monitor stock, this helps them to track sales and when they are running low on a product, it will mechanically order recent stock. Organisations can change the way they sell their products to assist what method is best suited.They could use catalogues which are cheaper then showing your products in fund, but they are equ satisfactory dear to produce, websites could be used and over the phone. Organisations might try to keep products up with the current technology. Using New Technology in Customer Support Some organisations soak up chosen to use saucy automated telephone systems, where the user has to select an option for a veritable department. This sometimes leads the customer to be on hold, waiting to talk to a member of stave. Customers can get very(prenominal) frustrated and they will go with another company, who do not use automated systems.Organisations sometimes throw away a website with a FAQ page or customer can page and a contact page. Some Organisations similarly give a forum on their website, this lets other throng with their products help each other out. Secure property Transfer Organisations will use Electronic Funds Transfer which help to reduces fraud and theft. Customers can use their chip and pin card to buy products which withal help to reduce fraud. If a organisations has a online shop they could also use a 3rd party check funds transfer like PayPal to hasten payments more secure. It prevent hackers getting in to the system they could use a firewall.Supp ly Chain solicitude An EDI system could be used by organisations to like processes and services. It can allow organisations to talk to each other thorough the system this will form ordering products much quicker. Outsourcing will let the organisation use a 3rd party to provide the service. Logistics Organisations can electronic tracking to call for were customers product is, this also helps to improve customer service. Organisations can use software which is design to plan the to the highest degree economic pathway for deliveries. Organisations can minimize the amount of stock held.This helps to improve their cash flow. They can link it to their stock learn system to devil accepted that they relieve oneself enough stock for the demand of a product. Integration with married person Businesses Organisations can partner up to provide a customer focused service. They will be able to communicate and coordinate their products or services by using an EDI or an MIS. By producing a product or service together, the organisations will be able to attract more customers to the organisations. Establishing an Internet Presence It is very important the organisation has a professional looking website.It can be expensive to build a custom built website but a website that has not had much money spent on it can look tacky and will not be the best impression on the organisation. Customers or so take sure they are not mis-lead by a professional looking as sometimes the organisations are not entirely credible. On organisation website they might mystify support pages, promote products and services and they could also have an e-commerce site. Automation Manufacturing Processes Robots have been introduced to manufacturing, they can help to reduce toll, observe time and do jobs that people do not want to do.Robots can do dangerous and precise tasks. Some organisations us both automated and manual systems. Robots can be used in very dangerous jobs, such as radioactive are as, drilling under the sea and using certain chemicals. Robots dont have to be used for dangerous jobs but they can also be used for processes and packaging. Reducing Intermediation Organisations can try to become more efficient by cutting out the middle man. This will allow them to keep costs down and past these on to the customer but not all companies will.Some organisations will sell their own products in their website, this cut the costs of having a high street shop. usually a business will make sure it knows more information than a consumer, as they will be able to charge more for the product because the consumer will not know much virtually it. Consumers now usually know much more about a product thanks for the internet. The internet has helped to bring prices down as consumers know more about the product. Performance Organisations will essential to manage their services better due to IT developments.Productivity GainsAutomated manufacturing and developments in customer sup port can help with gains in productiveness. Organisations can have large productivity when they use an automated system and the use of robots that can work 24/7. Although robots will sometimes guide repairs it will be able to work all the time. Robots can produce consistent products and the organization can rely on the amount of work the robots will do, this will help the organization to calculate how legion(predicate) products it can produce over a certain period of time and how much it will cost. Robots will need maintenance to keep up with new developments.Cost Reductions Organisations can reduce cost by just selling their products online. They save money by not having to rent out premises, not employing staff and the store layout. IT developments have helped many organisations by not having to employ staff. Increased Profitability To see if the organisation will increase profit, they can use a cost benefit analysis. When they want to introduce automated machinery they will hav e to see if it will make a profit or loss money. They will compare the new technology to the cost of staff. They will also look at cost saving in time as well.If the organisation does save money this is sometimes most on to the consumer but is it not always as the organisation might want to make a bigger profit. Efficiency Business can become more efficient by introducing more automated processes and using more technology. EDI systems can make businesses more efficiently by processing orders, taking payment and inform the accounts system. It allows the system to identify if a item is in stock, automatically orders stock when levels are low and it can reduce the stock amount by how many have been ordered. Improved Management InformationOrganisations can track and analyze productivity more tardily because of development of specialized systems that can manage information. Organisations will be able monitor stock components and the flow of productivity by using a MIS. MIS can be used t o create invoices and up to date information about the accounts of the company. This will allow the organisation to price their products and services cheaper to remain competitive. Control Organisations can have more control over the performance on the company by having IT systems. By having a MIS power and encumbranceiveness of performance in a business can be monitored by management.With more businesses loss global it is important to locate alternative suppliers, they will be able to provide even more competitive products and saving money. Automated manufacturing will allow a more consistent and reliable outcome, allowing the organisation to stay in control. Customer Service Many organizations are providing enhanced customer service and support some consumers are however finding it hard using new technology. This is be because some organizations have just a website for help and some people are unable to use the internet.This could lead to consumers not buying the product and the growth of sales not growing, So it is a good idea to have other ways customers can contact the organisation. Synergy and Integration of Systems Organisation can now shuffle IT systems due to IT development. It allows the organisation IT systems to work more effectively. Organisation needs to make sure that when it upgrades the IT systems that they will work with each other and make sure staff can use it. Organisations that have an EDI or an MIS tend to be able integrate systems more effective.Part 2 How Employees and Employers are Affected by Changes in IT Organisations have adapted their way of working when they use new IT developments, they may have to adapt to new staffing structures and job titles. Up Skilling of Workforce Employers A business will have to make sure that it knows when to set to use new IT developments. Sometimes the organisation will have to train staff to use specialist software, the employees will not be able to learn how to use to software it just a a fe w(prenominal) hours they will need time to learn the features and functions of the software.They will need to call up of the employees learning styles as many people will learn in disparate ways and also they also have different levels of ability and confidence. This will also have to be taken in to account when they like at the impact of adapting to new IT developments. Employees Employees will have to keep up to date with technology some employers will employ new staff with the relevant knowledge and make other employees excess. Employers might send employers to get trained to use new software in work hours or they might be asked to go in their own time.Dealing with Redundant Skills and Employees Employers When an organisation changes the way it operates can impact the number of staff. Organisations moldiness make sure that it does not have unnecessary cost and should deal with pointless skills and employees. When an organisation influences to make people redundant they will h ave to decide what role they are going to make redundant to make it worthwhile, they also need to think about any other costs like, office quad and resources. Also they need to think about redundancy money they will pay out. Employees.When organisation decide to make staff redundant, they essential make sure that they do not make the wrong employee redundant and make another employee do their jobs as they may not have the skill to do the work. If an employee does not have the relevant skills they might be asked too do a course or be made redundant, so the organisation can employ some one else with the up to date skills. legal residence and Remote Working Employers Home working can help the organisation to cut costs, as it does not have to pay for office space. Organisations will also have remote workers which will work outdoor(a) from the office they will be able to use mobile technology.If staff are working from main office their work may not be up to standard and the effect o n the individual or family by the intrusion in their home. Employees Some employees might prefer to work from home as they will be able to be more flexible and can do work when it suits them. Sometimes if staff are working from home their work may not be up to standard and the effect on the individual or family by the intrusion in their home. Impact of Regular Restructuring Employers Regular changes in staff structures and reductions of staff can make the changes cost more and take a longer time.If an organisation makes people redundant they might take necessary skills that the organisations need and they might not be able to replace them with other staff. Employees When restructuring staff the organisation may promote staff to management and they are not ready for a high level position or they might not have the right equipment to manage staff effectively. When new teams are made to work with each other they may not be as effective as the old ones as some teams are made up of diffe rent personalities. Managing Change Employers When organisations decide to change it can be difficult to manage.It can also cost loads to change. When employing new staff it takes time, it also takes time putting new procedures into place. Organisations must be careful when moving staff to different jobs that they do not want as they might not have the skills to do their job. Employees Some employees do not adapt to change easily, some staff might have to be moved to roles they do not like and not have the skill they need to offer out the job. Some people are upset by change as they are not always in control but if they are kept informed about what is going to go past it will help them it prepare them for what is going to happen.Balance of Core Employees with Contractors and Outsourced Staff Employers A strategy is needed when considering making staff reductions, changes to job roles and outsourcing services. Outsourced staff may be on long term or short term contracts, but are not permanent. It might not be a very effective to run an organisation on temporary staff as they may not be very loyal and not always available. Employees When the organisation decides to get temporary staff they have to think about what the permanent staff will react, they might not like some one access in and doing their work or they might try to give all the work to the temporary staff.Part 3 How Organizations Can Manage Risks When Using New Technology It is very important for a organisation to mange attempts when they are going to use new developments in IT. It is also important to make changes to security due to IT developments. Cyber Crime It is import that security on the internet is up to date with recent IT developments as the fortune of cyber crime is greater. Type Of Cyber Risk Description of Risk Methods for Minimising Risk Diverting Financial Assets Criminals can easily and quickly transfer sums of money across the internet.It is helped the high amount of purchasin g on the internet. A business will found it hard to track and indentify the transactions on a global scale. Make sure that hackers can not alter the website by editing the html codes and make users aware and show them how to see if the site they are giving information to is not the real site. Sabotage Communications Viruses can step down communications, they might be sent through email attachments and files being downloaded. Also is a piece of software is not tested properly it may contain bugs and this is as much as a risk than viruses.It is import to have security software on a computer or on the network. Make sure that software is properly tested for bugs that may occur. Steal Intellectual Property Business most of the times have the exclusive right to a design to which they have patented, which can not be copied by anyone else. Sometimes other business might copy their idea. On the internet is very lento to copy and paste someone else work, this is illegal. Business can check that their work is not being copied by using search engines, as they are able to search loads of text to match centre quickly.Denial of Service Attacks This happens when a site has a lot of requests for a page on it and press the site, until it goes off line. This will stop the organisation from making money. Firewalls can be used to prevent most unwanted traffic, but traffic can made to evade the system and flood the firewall. They could have their website on two severs, so if one goes off line the other one will cover it. obturate e-commerce Transactions Theft over the internet is becoming a major issue, and this sometimes stops transactions. trust and debit card theft is the main issue and spam mail being another. It is important that countries have regulations on e-commerce. Companies could use 3rd party software like papal to get payments from customers. Security Measures Firewalls A firewall is a security measure that prevents illegitimate electronic access to a computer s ystem. A firewalls basic task is to regulate some of the flow of traffic between computer networks of different trust levels. It may be necessary to have more than one firewall, each server may need one. Access ControlOrganisations must give employees an login user name and a password to make sure the computer is secure and no one can access there files . It is important that users privileges are monitored and that when an employee leaves that their account is deleted. If an organisation has a wireless internet connection then they will need to have it security-enabled, to prevent unauthorised access, unauthorised user could connect to the network and access important business information. Physical Security CCTV can be used it prevent and capture images or video of the people how are tampering or stealing equipment.It can record 24/7 to see what events have gone on. It can be copy to DVD and sent to the police for evidence. It can change the way people behave when they know that CCT V is watching them. Windows and doors should have locks on them for security, as this will stop unauthorized people from getting in and damaging or nicking thing. Digital keypads can be fitted on to doors and barely people with the code can enter the room. Mobile devices can be secured by fitting a chain and padlock, key or combination lock attached to a metal blood line.The end of the cable has a small loop that allows the cable to be looped around a permanent object. Secure locks should be put on server and communications rooms, as this will stop people from tampering with the server, and only people with a key can access it. Security Personal can look around to see if there are any suspicious people around and move people on. They could also watch the CCTV Backups It is important that orgainisations have a back up of important information, it will depend on what sort of information is backed up on a regular basis.Individuals should make sure that they back up files on a regular and frequently. It is important for organisations to make sure that they back up pecuniary accounts before and after each month end and annually. Decisions being made about what files are salve and what data is contain in them. Backups should be also including mobile phones and PDAs. It is important to documenting a network as it prevents loss of important network information it can reduce the need to research solutions. The documenting must be up to date.It is a good idea to document the following Listing addressing schemes Domain structures railway line runs Customers, Suppliers, etc Disaster Recovery Procedures Back up and recovery is very important to ensure that the system is secure and safe. Having a back up and restoring is critical, some organisations should back up there data every sidereal day and done overnight, but it depends on the size of the company. Some organisations keep their records on a off site location and keep them for at least a day, but some keep them monthly or weekly.Power surge equipment should be brought to protect equipment as if there is a electrical storm they can cause power surges and can damage electrical equipment. Organisations should have a disaster recovery policy, which gives the detail about what actions can be taken in an event of a human or natural disaster which can affect an organisation. Disasters may be fire, natural disasters, power failure, disruptions, terrorist attacks, equipment failure, human error, etc. The policy may include procedures for data relocation, alternative sites, additional workers and equipment.

Human Enlightenment: a Comparison of Kant and Newman Essay

The patient is a 70 years old man, admitted in Clinton Cardiology Center for repeated government agency pain, fainting, hypotension, thoracic discomfort and cough, which appeared suddenly the same day. The clinical exam showed cold, pale, sweated skin, dyspnea, tachycardia, a diastolic mutter in the third intercostal space near the sternum edge, a third degree systolic murmur above the lower sternum, and a blood pressure of 80/60 mmHg. The electrocardiogram showed signs of remunerate ventricular overload.The patient was known with arterial hypertension form 2009, had an episode of atrialfibrillation and deep vein thrombosis of the right calf in 2005 and had a hip replacement in 2010. An echocardiographic exam in 2006 noted an advance aorta aneurism. He had been treated with Betaxolol 20 mg/day for hypertension, Amlodipine 5 mg/day, Indapamide 1. 5 mg/day and Trimetazidine 35 mg x 2/day. He was also treated for a inexorable depression (Olanzapine). The patient states having worke d as an accountant at some point in his life has the periodical beer but never smoked he doesnt exercise at all and cannot stand for yen period of time.The patient is a high fall risk. LEARNING STYLE English is the patients first language and he can read and write he states having a degree in accounting. He is both an auditory and verbal learner who loves to talk and crack jokes. He speaks clearly and has no trouble communicating at all. He is however feeling discouraged, depressed and is anxious of his current emplacement but is not eager to learn how to manage his diet and weight as he is not able to exercise due to dyspnea he is also partially weight bearing on his left leg and is seeing PT as a result from hiship surgery and is cool off non-compliant with his therapy. The doctor has put him on new medication Reteplase (Retevase) after the doctor diagnosed him with needlelike myocardium infarction. RETEPLASE (RETEVASE) Reteplase is a thrombolytic agent do drugs that is used to dissolve and break the blood clots that cause a heart attack. It works by activating a substance that helps to break up blood clots. Blood clots can prevent oxygen and nutrients from getting to the heart, which causes tissue death and long-term damage to the heart. Its indicated for use in the management of acute myocardialinfarction (AMI) in adults for the improvement of ventricular function following AMI, the reduction of the incidence of congestive heart failure and the reduction of mortality associated with AMI. Reteplase is accustomed by snapshot into a vein (IV). Generally, it is given as 10 + 10 unit double bolus injection. EACH BOLUS GIVEN OVER 2 MINUTES. WITH THE second BOLUS GIVEN, AN INITIAL DOSE follows by a second dose 30 minutes later. two 10 unit bolus injections are required for a complete treatment. CONTRAINDICATIONS Active internal shed blood Recent intracranial or intraspinal surgery or trauma.Severe uncontrolled hypertension Known eject diathesis ADVERSE REACTIONS hypersensitivity reactions, bleeding GI upset, hypotension, fever cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, AV block, pulmonary edema Heart failure, cardiac arrest, ischemia, myocardial rupture, mitral regurgitation, pericardial effusion, venous thrombosis, cholesterol embolism SIDE EFFECTS The most frequent adverse reaction associated with Retavase is bleeding. different side effects include Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site Nausea and disgorgement Severe headache, eye pain or vision changes.Sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body Sudden headache, confusion, problems with speech, or balance INTERACTIONS Anticoagulants blood thinners (e. g. , warfarin or heparins) Anti blood platelet drugs (e. g. , clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine) NSAIDs (e. g. , ibuprofen, naproxen) Drugs that vary platelet function (such as aspirin ) may append the risk of bleeding if administered prior to or after Retavase (reteplase) therapy DOSAGE Reteplase i s for intravenous administration only. Reteplase is administered as a 10 + 10 unit double-bolus injection.Two 10 unit bolus injections are required for a complete treatment. all(prenominal) bolus is administered as an intravenous injection over 2 minutes. The second bolus is given 30 minutes after initiation of the first bolus injection. Each bolus injection should be given via an intravenous line in which no other medication is beingness simultaneously injected or infused. No other medication should be added to the injection solution containing reteplase. There is no experience with patients receiving repeat courses of therapy with reteplase. Nursing ImplicationsMonitor vital signs, especially blood pressure and flash. (Decreasing blood pressure, increase in pulse may indicate internal bleeding). Protect patient from injury by maintaining bound mobility during drug therapy. Monitor all possible sites of bleeding during extract. Ensure that cardiac rhythm is monitored during th erapy. (Dysrhythmias may come out with reperfusion of myocardium). Monitor CBC during and after therapy for indications of blood loss due to internal bleeding. (Patient has increased risk of bleeding for 2-4 days post therapy. ) Lab test considerationsPlasminogen (Administration of Retavase(reteplase) may cause decreases in plasminogen and factor I Degradation of fibrinogen in blood samples removed for analysis NURSING PROCESS Assessment Prior to administration develop complete wellness history including allergies, drug history and possible drug interactions Obtain a service line ECG and electrolytes, ABG, blood urea nitrogen and cardiac enzyme levels Assess lab values obtain CBC, PT, Hgb, Hct, platelet count Asses vital signs and neurological status Assess for recent surgery or trauma, bleeding disorders, or history ofhemorrhagic stroke or GI bleeding Nursing Diagnoses Tissue perfusion, Ineffective cerebrate to adverse effects of medication Injury, Risk for (bleeding) related t o to adverse effects of medication Knowledge, Deficit related to drug therapy, action, and side effects Planning Patient teaching and demonstrate understanding of risks and benefits of drug therapy. protest patient that activity will be express during infusion and pressure dressing may be needed to prevent any active bleeding. Patient will remain free of unusual and exuberant bleeding. Maintain effective tissue perfusion.Continuously monitor cardiac rhythm and explain to patient that cardiac rhythm will be monitored during treatment. Instruct patient of increased risk of bleeding, activity restriction, and frequent monitor during this time. Teach patient regarding need for frequent vital signs. Take and record vital signs every 15minutes during infusion and for 2 hours following. Intervention Continue to monitor for adherence and compliance. At start of therapy watch for any signs of hypersensitivity, precipitateness of breath and a feeling of tightness and pressure in the chest .Check patient vital signs frequently andmonitor his skin color and sensory of function of extremities every hour. Evaluation Evaluate the effectiveness of drug therapy by confirming that patient goals and expected outcomes have been met. Protect patient from injury by maintaining limited mobility during drug therapy this helped to prevent any falls since hes a high risk for falls. By monitoring his vital signs, especially blood pressure and pulse (Decreasing blood pressure, increase in pulse may indicate internal bleeding) this reduced risks for any internal bleeding. Patient understands the risks and benefits of the drug therapy.The teaching designing is reasonable and effective as well and if implemented today would serve to teach the patient and see him to better manage the MI and prevent other related complications such as hypertension, embolisms, dyspnea and circulation. REFERENCES ?2009 variant Delmars Nurses Drug Handbook By George R. Spratto, Ph. D. , Adrienne L. Woods pages 1394-1395 ?http//www. rxlist. com/retavase-drug/patient-images-side-effects. htm ?http//www. drugs. com/cons/retavase. html ?http//reference. medscape. com/drug/retavase-reteplase-342289 ?http//www. mayoclinic. com/health/drug-information/DR602387.

The Role of Italian Government in Managing their Finance and Economy

There are many insights and studies already conducted with respect to the regime ashes of from each one nation. Studies were also made to observe how particular regimes flush the frugality of the various(prenominal) states. much(prenominal)(prenominal) aspects that include the financial organization of a country, infra structure programs, foreign policy are some of the more(prenominal) or less important issues that forecastly affect the rescue of a specific state. Moreover, the form of governing body is also faultfinding in evaluating the total progress and status of a nation.There are instances that the form of organisation has direct relation with how well the economy is creationness run by the ministers and officials of the concerned nation. Italy has very interesting issues with regards to authorities policies that is being applied throughout the in all nation. In addition to that, Italy is a nation that has experienced assorted economic turnabouts that did a ffect the lives of its citizen. It can also be noticed how the government handled these issues and run the Italian economy.Government ruler on Media in America star of the interesting facts and issues that are all about Italy is when the government utilise decentralization in streak the economy. There are lots of advantages being decentralized in running a government rather than being centralized in the various organization structures and bureaucracy. On the another(prenominal) hand, it would do more harm to the economy of a nation once decentralization is not decently managed. The Italian government had decisions leading to these type of wariness wherein there would be more power being given to municipalities and provinces in running their respective territories.Italy once was a country that is centralized and such locomotes to fix the strategies in running the government will sure have numerous flaws, evidently because the new system is not yet fully absorbed by those that will be stirred by such changes. The idea of decentralization came from the pressures being applied by the regions in the national government of Italy that are considered to be wealthy enough to oppose their induce usances and go to the electorate.Such demand to shift the government cloth to federalism is being pushed through since the government failed to deliver such service developments adequately to all of its territory. It is also requisite the influence of these advocates to federalism since the government should have out rightly silenced all of these governmental pressures. The law that offer upd the summary for this modified system of government leads the country to various issues and disputes that need to be resolved.According to the Bassanini law (Piperno, 2000), such shift into federalism will provide a new era of how the government will run the economy of the country with a more fit approach considering the regions, provinces and municipalities involved. Unde r this framework, more authoritative powers will be given to regions, provinces and municipalities with regards to the strategies on administering their respective topical anesthetic economy. However, according to the law, the national government can still correspond authority on decisions that is of national interests.Such limitation is provided in the law to oversee the local government in administering their official functions. In addition to that, the law has set limits on the powers given to the local government entities such as any provision or ordinances should foster cooperation among local authorities, and promoting full accountability and obligation in the decisions being made by the concerned local officials. This also includes the self-reliance given to local units in collecting and managing taxes for their respective territories.Such introduction of local monetary collection system and management has bring forward strengthened the power of local officials to coll ect taxes and collectibles form their citizens. The table below describes the amount of shares from disparate government levels. Share of different levels of government on total public sector revenue and expenditure (Piperno, 2000) Central Government Local Government Social Security Agencies Year Revenues Expenses Revenues Expenses Revenues Expenses 1980 59. 1 42. 6 6. 1 27. 1 34. 7 30. 1 1981 59. 7 42. 9 6. 8 30. 4 33. 26. 5 1990 61. 6 47. 4 7. 7 27. 6 30. 6 24. 9 1991 61. 7 47. 0 7. 9 27. 7 30. 3 25. 1 1993 61. 6 50. 1 9. 3 24. 5 29. 0 25. 3 1994 60. 2 47. 7 10. 7 25. 6 29. 0 26. 5 1995 59. 5 48. 6 12. 3 24. 6 28. 1 26. 7 1997 56. 9 40. 6 10. 7 26. 7 32. 3 32. 5 As seen on the table, the local government has augmentd revenues from the form 1980 up to 1997. This effect was caused by the unbroken empowerment of the national government to the local municipalities to collect taxes for their respective regions.A significant increase of approximately 5% in the revenue collection wa s observed and the lower in the revenue collection under the national government was due to the decentralization process that is being pushed by the officials of the Italian government. These numbers are expected to continue its trend as the advocacy for local government empowerment carry on to its full extent. Legislation made this financial decentralization apply in the whole structure of the taxpayers to be shared with the national government.The local authorities also ventured to an deepen system of putting taxes into the petrol industries to improve the tax collection scheme government as stated in their revised revenue distribution law. The local government also made developed increase on the percentage of taxes being collected to its citizen and the industries to enable them to cover the administrations expenditures and the budget deficit they have. As a result, many regions in the northern part of Italy made their corresponding local budgets go against that before the se decentralization measures were implemented.On the other hand, little effect was observed on the lower classes of municipalities and regions due to the limited resources with respect to the peck and industries they have in their regions. Thus, there are still adverse make as observed in these mentioned low income regions. With regards to the Italian governments effort to administer the whole country, the laws in the land made it clear about all the interventions and systems in the economy. Knowing the structure of a particular government is essential because this is adds up to the bureaucratic control and distribution of services to the populace.This would also provide hints on how the economy is greatly affected by this form of government organization. The Italian government structure consists of the central government, regions, provinces and municipalities. In the present system, the national government holds a tough authority to regional governments. One particular example is that the central government still classifies laws and ordinances that the regions should implement even the regions were given powers to formulate their own legislation measures. The national government can reject regional-made laws that they think would not bring good to the accurate nation.There have been conflicts between the central and regional government and when these disputes were brought to the courts, the judicial system always prefer the side of the national government. Regional governments were introduced in the Italian government framework only in the 1948 Constitution. (Piperno, 2000). This government entity were provided under the constitution legislative and administrative authorities in the fields of high importance equivalent in agriculture, health sector, tourism industry, transportation departments and other relevant aspects in their respective territories.There were vanadium regions that were established under the same constitution. Before the fiscal decen tralization law, regions do not have self-reliance in their taxation system and were supported by the national government in their expenditures. For example, the financial support for the health centers in the region comes from the national treasury only, since they do not have money to finance their own health units. Provinces, on the other hand, possesses only limited duties in the former constitution or before the decentralization blast effect.There are also situations when provinces did not have any substantial role in administering their corresponding municipalities particularly in those big municipalities and the metropolis. For the other municipalities, their control is mostly seen to take effect in damage of governance and support to the little municipalities and through proper management in rural areas. Municipal governments are mainly amenable for the basic services needed by the pot such as potable water systems, domestic waste disposal systems, and other usual necess ities of its citizens.With the help of new legislations, these municipalities were given more powers and privileges such as the rights to vote for their municipal head and the independence in tax collection system. With these new constitutional rights, any municipality can benefit on the taxes it collect and as a result, more funds can be used to spend on the basic services for the populace. On the other hand, the primary weak spot of this approach is that it may create imbalance between rich and poor municipalities since there would be less income for those who have limited collections but with higher expenditures compared to the richer municipalities.Because of that, each municipality needs to find new strategies to strengthen their fiscal situation to maintain a well balanced budget. The table below shows the distribution of revenues in the municipality level form the specified years covered by the statistics made by the central statistics office in Italy. As shown in the statist ics above, municipalities then depends their finance on the central government equal in the year 1970 until they were given new tax measures including tax autonomy in the year 1972 but only took its significant mark in the year 1996.Other aspects of the Italian governments approach in running the economy reflects on some of the key issues like freedom from foreign interventions, political system, banking systems, transportation sectors, real properties, education, culture and other essential concerns. As a member of the European Union, the Italian government is bounded to follow the laws formulated by the union. However, Italian people will only be prosecuted by the Italian court and the laws of the land, and not on the laws of the union. Italy has more than 2 electoral parties making it more divisive in terms of policies being implemented by the reigning party.Such scenario made the government very unstable because of disagreements even between the members of the ruling coalition . Such problems were added further by accusations of corruption of the leaders and the increasing foreign debt of the country. The banking system in Italy is also greatly affected by the policies being implemented by the Italian government. The banking sector can also be a gauge to measure the economy of a particular country. With regards to the Italian banking system, it is still stable in terms of being part of the European Union which uses Euro as the currency.Since Euro currency is very strong compared to the other currencies, this carries the economy of Italy. Another factor is that the government has no control or intervention over the banking system, making it more independent against any influence that government leaders may bring. With all of the bad scenarios in the political system of Italy, the country still provides great attraction for business investors because of its various provisions to make Italy a better choice in the business climate. The Italian government also ventured into privatization of government owned and controlled corporations.These move by the government provided private firms to own and manage these enterprises and pursue upgrades in the service it gives to the Italian people. The government also has more savings since they do not have to spend public funds to run these corporations. Having give tongue to all of these information on how Italian government run their economy, it can be said that the economic growth of Italy depends greatly on the people who are positioned in vital areas of government structures like mayors, governors, legislators and the primary head of the country.These persons hold sensitive positions that dictate the nations policies and direction toward progress and continuous advancement with the rest of the world. Corrupt leaders will only add to the problems the country is facing. Italy needs responsible people who would think first the welfare of the nation before themselves. These dedicated people will sure deliver good output for the continuous progress of their nation, Italy.