Linux Versus Windows NT :: essays research papers

Linux versus Windows NT Forget the browser wars. This year's big nerd battle is the server shootout between Linux and Windows NT - and it's not just a bunch of geeks nit-picking. While both offer more affordable platforms for Web service than in the past, Linux and NT are polar opposites on almost every other level. They look different, run differently, support different software, and cost money in different places. So far though, most press coverage of the Linux-NT debate has focused on the competing business models, and there's been little helpful information for deciding which OS to use. At the other end of the coverage spectrum, technical comparisons usually stick to performance tests, churning out reams of numbers from the lab and missing the big picture of owning and operating a Web site. The most obvious difference between NT and Linux is that NT attempts to bring the familiar Windows graphical user interface to a server environment. Ideally, a Webmaster could maintain NT (and its bundled Web server, Microsoft Internet Information Server, aka IIS) primarily by pointing and clicking. NT also comes bundled with a singular set of Microsoft site development tools. Linux, on the other hand, builds from the long, varied tradition of Unix command-line culture. It can be harder (or at least more daunting) to learn Unix from scratch than it is to learn a Windows system, but Unix users who get over the hump of the initial learning curve rarely express happiness over trying to do the same work in a Windows environment. That's the "Windows rage" you observe whenever your local sysadmin (System Administrator) has to get up from his Linux workstation to fix your PC. If there's one area where NT stands out over Linux, it's the willingness of third-party software vendors to develop versions of their software for it. Ad-serving software, search engines, databases, application servers, and e-commerce shopping carts are almost certain to come in NT versions, whereas big-name vendors such as Oracle, Sun, and IBM have just begun to commit to Linux. A Windows NT license costs about $300. A Linux license costs nothing. Not much overhead, but the real costs come later: lost income from downtime or unfixed bugs, high prices for technical employees who make things go, and extra machines and software as the site grows. There's a notable lack of consensus as to whether Linux or NT delivers a lower total cost of ownership.

Final Exam Solutions (Leadership and Organizational Behavior) Essay

1. TCO A, B) Define organizational behavior and list the four emotional intelligence competencies that contribute to understanding ourselves and others within the organizational behavior environment. 2. (TCO D) Referring to the team decision-making process, define consensus and unanimity and explain the difference between the two. 3. (TCO E, F) Although conflict is usually considered a negative experience to be avoided, it actually has the potential to produce positive organizational outcomes. Please identify three ways in which conflict can be a positive influence. 4. (TCO G) There are six sources of position power in organizational settings. Identify and define three of these sources. 5. (TCO H, I, J) The senior executive team at AllGoodThings.com, after a strategy review session with the Board of Directors, has decided that it’s time to invest some time and capital in improving the corporate culture. The company has rebounded from a near calamity two years ago, and while it was a great scramble, the company survived and is in the strongest position ever. They knew that the culture had been strained by the episode and wanted sincerely to work to bring things back to â€Å"normal.† With the assistance of local HR offices, a case was made to the employee population that certain aspects of their current culture might have suffered over the past few years and that it was time to think about change. They announced that they would be undergoing an organizational culture review and that everyone’s opinion was valued. A whopping 79% of the employees participated in the survey that they administered. Senior management had worked with the consultants for a few months before the survey was given and had determined their â€Å"Ideal† scores. The survey confirmed their suspicions. 6. (TCO C) As a manager you are in a situation where a key employee seems to have lost his excitement about the job. The employee’s familiar positive tone and high energy approach to the job and the workplace seem to be on the wane. You really don’t know what is going on with this person. But, you can try to start to understand this employee by examining various motivation theories. Use elements from each of Maslow’s theory, Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory, and Equity theory and assemble your own motivation theory to help you to start understanding this employee. Be sure to fully explain and define all elements that you use in your new model of motivation. Finally, compose a short case to demonstrate how your motivation model can actually be applied. 7. (TCO G) The Michigan and Ohio State studies represent seminal research on leadership theory. Both studies identified two basic forms of leader behaviors. What were the similarities in the findings from these two studies and what was the significance of the research? 8. (TCO A, B) In order to meet organizational goals and objectives management must comprehend organizational behavior in relationship to the functions of management. List and describe the management process functions and describe how the five personality traits contribute to the management process. 9. (TCO E, F) Neff Incorporated is a small business with 100 employees and 4 managers. 10.(TCO D) Define the concept of social loafing. Why does social loafing occur? Give an example of social loafing and a suggestion for how to prevent it.

Feasibility Study Essay

* 1. A Feasibility Study on the Establishment of a Semi-Commercial Hogs Farm in Alfonso, Cavite The LGD Farms * 2. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION * 3. In the Philippines, pork is one of the basic foods which Filipinos eat. It is one of the best sources of protein needed by the body to be strong and healthy. That is why a need for a farm arises. Introduction * 4. Hog raising business has been a very popular and dependable business in the Philippines. In fact, Hog raising business had dominated the swine industry as a healthy and viable commercial sector.Even in our traditional Filipino Festival/Occasion, Filipinos always crave for cuisine with â€Å"PORK†. â€Å"Di kompleto ang Okasyon kung walang handang baboy†. * 5. This statement had marked our traditional way of celebrating special occasions in our lives, and it proved our undying taste for pork. The Philippine Department of Agriculture’s vision is to modernized smallholder agriculture and fisheries to a diversified rural economy which would be dynamic, technologically advanced and internationally competitive. * 6. As of July 2008, it was recoded at 35.6% of the labor force, roughly around 12 million people, are employed in the agriculture industry, which includes the hunting and forestry sectors. The situation being such, the agriculture sector aims for security, sustainability of the natural resource base, social equity and global competitiveness. * 7. The Philippines takes specific measures to achieve these goals through the protection and development of watersheds; proper management of agricultural land and water resources; establishment of biogas facilities; providing marginalized sectors preferential access to productive assets and providing essential measures and support services. * 8. Vision The LGD Farms envisions itself as a hog raising farm promoting and maintaining environmental friendly identity to its employees, customers and to to the community. LGD Farms also envisions itself to be a naturally independent source of BioGas which can be used as a substitute for LPG to be used in the farm. The LGD Farms also envisions for the expansion of hog operation.The LGD’s Vision/Mission Statement * 9. Mission The LGD Farms will create an environmentally friendly identity through undertaking the proper and efficient way of waste disposals to avoid harming and distorting others. The LGD Farms will introduce its environmental friendly BioGas facility through using the hogs’ waste, by converting these waste into useful mathaine gas. * 10. The LGD Farms will undergo expansion after  five years through constructing additional building and adding parent stocks for the purpose of increasing their productiion to supply larger amount in the demand supply gap * 11. CHAPTER III PROJECT BACKGROUND * 12. Name of the Proposed Business: LGD FarmsNature of the business: Hogs ProductionType of business organization: Sole ProprietorshipLocation of the project: Kaysuyo, Alfonso, CaviteProject Background * 13. Source of Capital Funding of LGD Farms’ general operation and other financial demands will be sourced from the savings of the proprietor. Mr. Jandel A. Gimeno will invest P 4,600,000 in the business. * 14. Proposed Name of the Business â€Å"LGD Farms† will be the name of the business as agreed upon by the proponents. The proponents adopted the letters E and J from the name of the proprietor’s parents, Efren and Jovita Gimeno. * 15. The project will adopt a sole proprietorship type of business organization. Sole proprietorship type of business organization is one which is owned and run by an individual and where there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. Type of Business Organization * 16. All assets of the business are owned by the pr oprietor and all the debts of the business are proprietor’s debts and he/she must pay it from his/her personal resources which will result to unlimited liability. * 17. The proponents opt to form the business under sole proprietorship type of business organization as they see it fit considering the nature and capital requirements of the project. Moreover, it is subject to fewer regulations unlike the other type of business organization, the owner has full autonomy with regard to business decisions. * 18. The proposed location had been chosen by the prponents considering such factors as the availability of resources, accesibility to the potential customers, location cost and the environment of the business which fall under agro – industrial land type as being classified by the DENR which is the only approved land type and location for the establishment of a Hog Farm. Location of the Firm * 19. According to the very nature of the proposed project, which is in line with the livestock type of business, a none-residential area has been the prime consideration of the proponents in choosing the site of the business. The LGD Farms will be situated at Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite. * 20. Management and Personnel Feasibility Summary LGD Farms will implement a democratic style of  management. This means that all employees will have the privilege and will be allowed to participate in the decision-making concerning the farm. The employees as well as the general manager will peform multi-tasking jobs for easy flow of operation. * 21. CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT FEASIBILITY * 22. With regard to the business operations, the proposed business will have a total of four (4) persons including the General Manager, Technical Operations Manager and two (2) Farmhands. Each of them must have knowledge about the production processes of hogs. They will be trained and oriented properly and will be given some seminars regarding hog farming.Administration and Management Feasibility * 23. Management Proposals The General Manager will be the one to plan and will be in charge of the overall supervision of the farm. He will be the one to screen the applicants to be recruited and hired. The Technical Operations Manager will oversee the efficiency and effectiveness of the farmhands. He will also be responsible for the general care of the pigs, maintaining the herd health and environment of the pigs. * 24. Organizational Chart * 25. In an organization, policies and principles play an important role because these help organization to become more efficient and effective. These will guide the whole business and help to achieve the company’s goals.Company Policies * 26. The proprietor will be the general manager of the firm. His compensation will be through withdrawals from the business. 20% of the Net income will be drawn from the farm.Policies on Drawings * 27. Policies on Hiring LGD Farms will announce job vacancies. The proposed business will recruit and employ workers on the basis of their qualifications of work. Referrals from trusted people will also be entertained. Qualified applicants will then pass the necessary requirements to the management such as:Barangay, Police and NBI ClearanceCopy of Birth CertificateHigh School/College Diploma/Form 137Medical CertificateDriver’s License * 28. Security Measures The E&J Farm will construct fence around the farm to prevent the entrance of unauthorized person despite the safety of the location against possible threats. * 29. Policies on Days of Work Employees will work six (6) days a week The compensation will be on  a daily basis. The employees are entitled to one (1) rest day a week. * 30. Work Schedule All employees are entitled to one (1) rest day. The Farmhand 1 will take his rest day on Saturday and the Farmhand 2 will take his rest day on Sunday. The Technical Operations Manager will take his rest day every Friday. * 31. PhilHealth, PAG-IBIG, SSS and 13th month pay will be provided for all employees.Seminars/ Trainings Seminars and trainings will be conducted for the farmhands to gain additional knowledge that will enhance their abilities and skills to become more productive and more efficient.Employee Benefits * 32. CHAPTER VMARKETING FEASIBILITY * 33. This chapter will discuss all the marketing aspects of a Hog Farm. The discussion will include the general market description, the target markets, the general marketing practices, demand, supply, the demand supply analysis, the propose marketing program and the marketing strategy. The data and other figures were gathered through research using both primary and secondary data. MARKETING FEASIBILITY * 34. The primary data came from the results of the conducted survey by the proponents and the secondary data were gathered from several government agencies and offices such as Provincial Veterinary Office (PVO), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Bureau of Agricultural Staistics (BAS), Department Of Agriculture (DA), and Alfonso Municipal Office. * 35. The use of marketing strategies and promotional activities such as word-of-mouth advertising, referrals and transit advertisement are highly sufficient to increase the number of customers and to increase the level of revenue. * 36. Alfonso, Cavite is an upland town situated at Southwest portion of the province. It is one of the highly recommended place for the establishment of Hog Farms as approved by the Provincial Veterinary Office. According to Alfonso Zoning Map, the said town provides preferable locations for the possibility of opening business operations in line with agriculture. MARKET DESCRIPTION * 37. According to the Provincial Veterinary Office, there were about 20 commercial farms and 70 backyard farms operating in areas of Alfonso, Indang, Mendez, Tagaytay, and Silang, Cavite as of 2009 Provincial Veterinary Office official count. In Alfonso, there are about 3 commercial farms and 20 backyard farms. * 38. The proposed business will be established at Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite. The target market will be the  public markets of Alfonso, Tagaytay City, Mendez, Indang and Silang, Cavite. The selected five towns of Cavite has a total of 130 meat vendors operating in their respective public markets. TARGET MARKET * 39. Table 1. Freaquency of Selling operation in Silang, Tagaytay City, Indang, Alfonso and Mendez, Cavite * 40. Table 2. Quantity of meats sold per selling operation * 41. Table 3. Source of Pork Supplies of Vendors * 42. Table 4. Availability of meat supplies * 43. Table 5. Vendor’s willingness to buy * 44. GENERAL MARKETING PRACTICES The LGD Farm will seek accreditation from Cavite Livestock Poultry Farming Association Incorporated (CALIFPAI), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Provincial Veterenary Office (PVO). The farm will follow all the rules and regulations and will comply with the standards set by these organizations and agencies to ensure the proper operations of the farm. * 45. The farm will also get updates and reviews and other useful information for better hog farm operation. As to operation security, The LGD Farms will secure its necessary requirements such as the Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC)/ Environmental Compliance Certificate, Licenses and business permits. * 46. The farm will also actively participate on some different livelihood programs such as Hog Raising Seminars, Civic Welfare Programs and other Community Development related activities to gain market awareness. By these practices, the farm is expecting to establish a good public relations with different haulers and meat vendor to whom the farm will transact with. * 47. DEMANDHistorical Demand for pork in Selected Five Towns in Cavite (in kilograms) * 48. Projected Demand for Pork in Selected Five Towns in Cavite (in kilograms) * 49. Historical Supply for Pork in Selected Five Towns in Cavite (in kilograms)SUPPLY * 50. Projected Supply for Pork in Selected Five Towns in Cavite (in kilograms * 51. DEMAND – SUPPLY ANALYSIS * 52. CAPACITY TO SELL * 53. The farm will be advertised through word-of-mouth promotion, referrals and transit advertising. It will also join CALIFPAI (Cavite Livestock Farming Poultry Association Incorporated) to meet representatives of various sectors including Department of Agriculture. Proposed Marketing  Program * 54. The local government officials of Alfonso will also be a great help since the proposed business will contribute for the betterment of the community. LGD will also engage itself in organizing seminars/workshop for other hog raisers and for those who aspire to put up their own hog farms. This will also serve as a promotion of the farm. * 55. Growing Period and Feed Consumption Average Daily Gain- This Refers to the average gain in weight of pigs in kilograms per day. Weaners should have an ADG of at least .350 kg. And fatteners should have an ADG of .800-.825 kg. The higher the ADG the better because it means faster growth of pig and lower fattening period. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE * 56. Feed Conversion Ratio- This refers to the amount of feeds consumed by the pig per kilogram gain in weight. The lower the FCR the better. It means lesser feeds per gain. Weaners should have an FCR of 1.5 and fatteners should have an FCR of 3.0. * 57. The LGD Farms will use tarpaulin in its introductory stage as well as Transit advertising, which means the use of vehicles to carry the advertising material for the clients to be aware of the existence of the proposed business. Deliveries to clients will be available everyday.MARKETING STRATEGY * 58. The LGD Farms will also reach out to different charitable institutions such as orphanage, churches and government hospitals, charity and organizations. Help will be extended to those chosen charity by means of goods and financial help. * 59. CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION The products will undergo channels of distribution. These will be done by the E&J Farms through selling of hogs to slaughter houses and haulers which will serve as the middlemen or resellers. Next, the slaughter houses will deliver the meats to different public markets in selected towns and city for retailing purposes. * 60. These group of meat vendors wiil sell the meats to household who are considered as the consumers /end-users of meats for final consumption purposes. * 61. CHAPTER VIPRODUCTION/TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY * 62. The proposed business LGD Farms falls under a production type of business providing the resellers quality pigs for their reselling purposes, particularly those meat vendors and even haulers in different market in Cavite, especially in Alfonso and near-by towns. LGD will establish 50 sow level hogs farm, producing 100 heads of hog a month. PRODUCTS * 63. A  variety of Landrace strains originated from famous Danish Landrace hogs which were developed in Denmark in 1895. The Landrace is characterized by its long body length, short legs, and medium to large drooping ears. Landrace swine is meaty on the food especially on the rail. Their hams are plump but trim. Their sides are long and uniform in depth. BREEDER STOCKS * 64. Landrace sows are prolific and are known to be excellent mothers and having a good litter size. This breed’s sows have been known for their milk producing abilities, reaching their top milk after five weeks of lactation which is much latter when compared to other breeds. * 65. Large White is a white-colored meat type of pig with medium, erect ears, curved back and body in dining forward. The face is slightly dished. It is fast –growing, a good feed converter, highly prolific and excellent milkers with superior mothering ability. Its carcass is also suited for bacon production. It can adapt well in confinement but not in rugged condition. * 66. Breed the sows.FarrowingWeaning of pigletsPiglets in the NurseryTransfer to fattening sectionHogs at market weightPRODUCTION PROCESS * 67. Purchase of Piglets.Disinfection and Quarantine. Transfer of Purchased piglets to the nursery pen.Transfer to the Fattening Section. Hogs at market weight.ALTERNATIVE PROCESS (1) * 68. Breed the sows.Farrowing.Weaning of piglets.Piglets in the nursery.Piglets at market weight. ALTERNATIVE PROCESS (2) * 69. PROJECT SITE * 70. The first factor that must be considered is the availability of resources or location where the project will be situated. Other considerations also include; the location cost and other legal requisites and also for all of this to be possible, a non-residencial area must be chosen as the location of the business for it to operate. * 71. PROJECT SITE DESCRIPTIONThe proposed project, LGD Farms will be located at Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite. * 72. Building The E&J Farms will construct three major buildings which would be essential for the operation of the farm, the Dry pen building, Farrowing pen and nursery pen building and the Fattener pen building.BUILDING AND FACILITIES * 73. Dry Pen BuildingFarrowing and Nursery Pen BuildingFattener Pen BuildingHolding PenStorage RoomArtificial Insemenation LaboratoryFarm House * 74. LGD Farms has a biogas facility that treats pig wastes and generate enough methaine gas that is used for  cooking at the farm house. This facility has made the commercial farm environmentally friendly as it minimizes pig odors from farm wastes. Also, after biogas processing of effluent wastes, wastewater is discharged to irrigate the grass paddocks within the farm premises.BIOGAS FACILITIES * 75. The farm will create no waste but pieces of plastic packaging of medicines for hogs, that will be placed properly on a trash bin. The pig waste will undergo the biogas facility that treats pig waste and generate enough methaine gas that is used for cooking at the farm house. WASTE AND WASTE DISPOSAL * 76. This facility has made the commercial farm environmentally friendly as it minimizes pig odors from farm wastes. Also, after biogas processing of effluent wastes, wastewater is discharge to irrigate the grass paddocks within the farm premises. * 77. The quality of each pig will be maintained through proper care and treatment. Control of virus should be taken into consideration as to avoid diseases. The farm will have a record of every pig for monitoring and evaluation purposes. This will be done from the dry period to the farrowing day for the sows and from the day 1 of the piglets to market weight for fatteners.QUALITY CONTROL * 78. There will be a technician for the sows from the supplier of the parent stocks and a feed technician from the supplier of the feeds. Both of them will serve as farm consultant on an on-call basis. * 79. CHAPTER VIIFINANCIAL FEASIBILITY * 80. CAPITAL REQUIREMENTSCASH P 154,178.50PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Farming Tools And Equipment 50,080.00Delivery Equipment 270,000.00Office Equipment 18,200.00Furniture And Fixtures 18,720.00INVENTORIESFarm Supplies P2,401,136.50Office Supplies 485.00Land 450,000.00Pre-Operating Expense 17,200,00TOTAL CAPITAL REQUIMENTS P4,600,000.00 * 81. Selling price is computed using statistical parabolic projection method.Sales are 100% of the yearly production.Gas and oil expense, promotion and advertisement, repair and maintenance are assumed to increase by 5% annually.Contingencies are 3% of net sales.Drawing is 20% of net income.OTHER FINANCIAL ASSUMPTIONS * 82. Other benefits like seminars and trainings are assumed to increase by 5% annually.Audit fees, permits and licenses are assumed to increase by 5% annually.The initial capital requirement is good for 3 months consumption.Production will be maintained at 100 heads per month for the  next 5 years. * 83. Pre-Operating Cash FlowCash Inflow Capital Contribution P4,600,000.00Cash Outflow Farm Tools And Equipment 50,080.00 Delivery Equipment 270,000.00 Office Equipment 18,200.00 Furniture And Fixtures 18,720.00 Farm Supplies 2,401,136.50 Office Supplies 485.00 Land 450,000.00 Building And Facilities 1,222,000.00 Pre-Operating Expense 17,200.00Net Cash Flow 154,178.50 * 84. The E&J FARMS Pre Operating Statement Of Financial PositionASSETSCURRENT ASSETS Cash And Cash Equivalent 154,178.50Inventories 2,401,621.50NON CURRENT ASSETSPROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT 357,000.00BUILDING AND FACILITIES 1,222,000.00LAND 450,000.00OTHER ASSETSPre Operating Expense 17,200.00TOTAL ASSETS P4,600,00.00LIABILITIES AND OWNER EQUITYOWNER’S EQUITY P4,600,000.00TOTAL LIABILITIES AND OWNER’S EQUITY P4,600,000.00 * 97. CHAPTER VIIISOCIO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY * 98. This chapter will discuss the different sectors that would benefit from the proposed business. The purpose of putting up a business is not just to generate profit but to give importance to social and economic benefit that it can provide.SOCIAL DESIRABILITY * 99. The proposed business will be located at Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite. 72% of its residents are engaged in agriculture, taking advantage of its good location which best suits the proposed business. The said business will increase rate of employment through providing job opportunities to those people who were unable to attain higher education. * 100. In putting up a business, registration of business is necessary to have permits and license from the government office. These, along with taxes are then paid as the business operates. Taxes form part of the government revenues that help to support the needs of the public. INCREASE IN GOVERNMENT REVENUE * 101. The proposed business will employ people who have knowledge about agriculture preferably those who are living within the adjacent area of the location of the proposed business. These employees will receive fair compensation according to their qualifications and performance. Salaries are based on the minimum wage set by the government.GENERATION OF EMPLOYMENT * 102. Increase in population will result in increase in demand for food, which also means an increase in demand for pork in the area. With the continuous operation of the business, the employees will be helped to uplift the standard of their living.DEVELOPMENT OF RELATED STUDY * 103. In order for the business to  operate legally, it must comply with the government requirements as follows:Mayor’s Permit, Business Permit, Certificate of Non-Coverage and other Municipal Licenses.Environmental Compliance CertificateRegistration with the SSS, Philhealth and PAG-IBIG.Registration with Bureau of Internal Revenue.LEGAL ASPECTS * 104. It will satisfy the customers’ need.It will ensure the customers the of the Farm’s product.OTHER BENEFITS * 105. CHAPTER IX CONCLUSION * 106. After studying the different aspects in establishing a Semi-commercial Hogs Farm, proponets concluded that the study is feasible and viable. The study shows the initial investment of the proposed business will be P4,600,000 with a minimum payback period of 2.54 years. * 107. The increase in the demand for pork in Alfonso, Mendez, Indang, Silang and Tagaytay City Cavite shows thatt there is still a need for the proposed business. Thus, the business is profitable.

Free Essays on What Is NetBIOS

What Is NetBIOS NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) was developed by IBM and Sytek as an Application Programming Interface (API) for client software to access LAN resources. Ever since its creation, NetBIOS has become the basis for many other networking applications. In a sense, NetBIOS is an interface specification for the accessing of networking services. NetBIOS is a layer of software developed to link a network operating system with specific hardware, was originally designed as the network controller for IBM's Network LAN. NetBIOS has now been extended to allow programs written using the NetBIOS interface to operate on other types of network architectures. NetBIOS has since been adopted as an industry standard for use with Windows 95 – NT4 and it is common to refer to these as NetBIOS-compatible LANs. It offers network applications to carry out inter-application communication and data transfer. In a basic sense, NetBIOS allows applications to communicate with the network. Its intention is to isolate the application layer of the OSI Model from any type of hardware dependencies. It also spares software developers the task of developing network error recovery and low level message addressing or routing. The use of the NetBIOS interface does allot of this work for them. NetBIOS standardizes the communication interface between applications and a LANs operating capabilities. With this, it can be specified to which levels of the OSI model the application can write to, making the application transportable to other networks via that same layer. In a NetBIOS LAN environment, computers are known on the system by a NetBIOS name. Each computer on the network has a permanent name that is programmed in various different ways. These names will be discussed in more detail below. Terminals on a NetBIOS LAN communicate either by establishing a session or by using NetBIOS datagram or broadcast methods. Sessions allow for a la... Free Essays on What Is NetBIOS Free Essays on What Is NetBIOS What Is NetBIOS NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) was developed by IBM and Sytek as an Application Programming Interface (API) for client software to access LAN resources. Ever since its creation, NetBIOS has become the basis for many other networking applications. In a sense, NetBIOS is an interface specification for the accessing of networking services. NetBIOS is a layer of software developed to link a network operating system with specific hardware, was originally designed as the network controller for IBM's Network LAN. NetBIOS has now been extended to allow programs written using the NetBIOS interface to operate on other types of network architectures. NetBIOS has since been adopted as an industry standard for use with Windows 95 – NT4 and it is common to refer to these as NetBIOS-compatible LANs. It offers network applications to carry out inter-application communication and data transfer. In a basic sense, NetBIOS allows applications to communicate with the network. Its intention is to isolate the application layer of the OSI Model from any type of hardware dependencies. It also spares software developers the task of developing network error recovery and low level message addressing or routing. The use of the NetBIOS interface does allot of this work for them. NetBIOS standardizes the communication interface between applications and a LANs operating capabilities. With this, it can be specified to which levels of the OSI model the application can write to, making the application transportable to other networks via that same layer. In a NetBIOS LAN environment, computers are known on the system by a NetBIOS name. Each computer on the network has a permanent name that is programmed in various different ways. These names will be discussed in more detail below. Terminals on a NetBIOS LAN communicate either by establishing a session or by using NetBIOS datagram or broadcast methods. Sessions allow for a la...

Free Essays on The Unlikely Possibility Of Computers Replicating The Human Mind

For the past thirty years, computers have evolved so quickly, shattering the so-called processor speed barriers. From copper based processors whose physical size could make up a whole room, to the silicon chip which could fit on a palm of a hand able to process information a thousand times faster. To date, computers are still constantly being developed and its technology constantly being improved for faster, smaller, more efficient processors. As their processing prowess constantly rise, one question comes to mind, would computers someday be able to completely replicate the human mind. This essay aims to prove that it is not possible for a computer to replicate the human mind. Many argue that computers will never be able to imitate the human mind. Computers are not able to comprehend the underlying reasons for their processes. For example, a computer may be able to do the same tasks humans do, maybe even better than humans, yet it cannot understand the reasons for doing these tasks. Also, in order for computers to replicate human thinking, it must be able to comprehend human emotions the same way human beings do. More than often, human thoughts and cognitive processes are influenced by emotions like love, anger, desire and many more. The human mind, therefore, is inseparable from emotions. Another argument against the replication of human minds with computers is that computers are not able to negotiate the same way humans do. Computers can only work on purely logical, binary processes of yes or no. Humans can decide to go in between those two choices. To elaborate this concept, there will be a hypothetical situation created to demonstrate this argument. M ost importantly is the question of self-consciousness and free will. Will computers be able to be self-aware of their world and their surroundings and most importantly themselves? The concept of self consciousness is also discussed in the philosophical theory of Cartesian dualism. A... Free Essays on The Unlikely Possibility Of Computers Replicating The Human Mind Free Essays on The Unlikely Possibility Of Computers Replicating The Human Mind For the past thirty years, computers have evolved so quickly, shattering the so-called processor speed barriers. From copper based processors whose physical size could make up a whole room, to the silicon chip which could fit on a palm of a hand able to process information a thousand times faster. To date, computers are still constantly being developed and its technology constantly being improved for faster, smaller, more efficient processors. As their processing prowess constantly rise, one question comes to mind, would computers someday be able to completely replicate the human mind. This essay aims to prove that it is not possible for a computer to replicate the human mind. Many argue that computers will never be able to imitate the human mind. Computers are not able to comprehend the underlying reasons for their processes. For example, a computer may be able to do the same tasks humans do, maybe even better than humans, yet it cannot understand the reasons for doing these tasks. Also, in order for computers to replicate human thinking, it must be able to comprehend human emotions the same way human beings do. More than often, human thoughts and cognitive processes are influenced by emotions like love, anger, desire and many more. The human mind, therefore, is inseparable from emotions. Another argument against the replication of human minds with computers is that computers are not able to negotiate the same way humans do. Computers can only work on purely logical, binary processes of yes or no. Humans can decide to go in between those two choices. To elaborate this concept, there will be a hypothetical situation created to demonstrate this argument. M ost importantly is the question of self-consciousness and free will. Will computers be able to be self-aware of their world and their surroundings and most importantly themselves? The concept of self consciousness is also discussed in the philosophical theory of Cartesian dualism. A... Free Essays on The Unlikely Possibility Of Computers Replicating The Human Mind For the past thirty years, computers have evolved so quickly, shattering the so-called processor speed barriers. From copper based processors whose physical size could make up a whole room, to the silicon chip which could fit on a palm of a hand able to process information a thousand times faster. To date, computers are still constantly being developed and its technology constantly being improved for faster, smaller, more efficient processors. As their processing prowess constantly rise, one question comes to mind, would computers someday be able to completely replicate the human mind. This essay aims to prove that it is not possible for a computer to replicate the human mind. Many argue that computers will never be able to imitate the human mind. Computers are not able to comprehend the underlying reasons for their processes. For example, a computer may be able to do the same tasks humans do, maybe even better than humans, yet it cannot understand the reasons for doing these tasks. Also, in order for computers to replicate human thinking, it must be able to comprehend human emotions the same way human beings do. More than often, human thoughts and cognitive processes are influenced by emotions like love, anger, desire and many more. The human mind, therefore, is inseparable from emotions. Another argument against the replication of human minds with computers is that computers are not able to negotiate the same way humans do. Computers can only work on purely logical, binary processes of yes or no. Humans can decide to go in between those two choices. To elaborate this concept, there will be a hypothetical situation created to demonstrate this argument. M ost importantly is the question of self-consciousness and free will. Will computers be able to be self-aware of their world and their surroundings and most importantly themselves? The concept of self consciousness is also discussed in the philosophical theory of Cartesian dualism. A...

A study of the background of the Montgomery bus boycott by Bernard law as a way of resisting apartheid and racial bias in the United States

A study of the background of the Montgomery bus boycott by Bernard law as a way of resisting apartheid and racial bias in the United States Sparked through the arrest of Rosa parks on 1 December 1955, the Bernard Law Montgomery bus boycott became a thirteen-month mass protest that ended with the U.S. Excellent court docket ruling that segregation on public buses is unconstitutional. The Sir Bernard Law development association (MIA) coordinated the boycott, and its president, martin Luther king, Jr., became an outstanding civil rights chief as global interest focused on Bernard Law Montgomery. The bus boycott validated the capability for nonviolent mass protest to efficaciously undertaking racial segregation and served as an instance for other southern campaigns that followed. In stride in the direction of freedom, king’s 1958 memoir of the boycott, he declared the real that means of the Montgomery bus boycott to be the electricity of a developing self-appreciate to animate the battle for civil rights. The roots of the bus boycott started out years earlier than the arrest of Rosa parks. The women’s’ political council (WPC), a collection of black experts based in 1946, had already became their attention to Jim Crow practices on the Montgomery town buses. In a meeting with mayor w. A. Gayle in march 1954, the councils participants outlined the changes they sought for Montgomery’s bus machine: no person status over empty seats; a decree that black individuals no longer be made to pay at the front of the bus and input from the rear; and a coverage that might require buses to forestall at every corner in black residential areas, as they did in white groups. When the meeting didnt produce any meaningful change, WPC president Jo Ann Robinson reiterated the council’s requests in a 21 might also letter to mayor Gayle, telling him, ‘‘there has been communicate from twenty-five or more nearby agencies of planning a metropolis-extensive boycott of busse s’’(‘‘a letter from the girls’ political council’’)7. A year after the WPC’s assembly with mayor Gayle, a fifteen-year-old named Claudette Colvin changed into arrested for challenging segregation on a 1st viscount Montgomery of Alamein bus. Seven months later, 18-year-vintage Mary Louise smith become arrested for refusing to yield her seat to a white passenger. Neither arrest, but, mobilized Sir Bernard Law’s black network like that of Rosa parks later that year3. King recalled in his memoir that ‘‘Mrs. Parks become best for the position assigned to her through history,’’ and because ‘‘her individual was impeccable and her determination deep-rooted’’ she become ‘‘one of the most reputable people in the Negro network’’ (king, forty four). Robinson and the wpc responded to parks’ arrest via calling for a one-day protest of the city’s buses on 5 December 19558. Robinson prepared a chain of leaflets at Alabama state college and organiz ed businesses to distribute them at some stage in the black network. In the meantime, after securing bail for parks with Clifford and Virginia Durr, e. D. Nixon, beyond chief of the Sir Bernard Law bankruptcy of the national affiliation for the advancement of coloured people (naacp), started to name local black leaders, inclusive of ralph Abernathy and king, to organize a planning meeting. On 2 December, black ministers and leaders met at Dexter Avenue Baptist church and agreed to publicize the 5 December boycott. The deliberate protest received surprising publicity in the weekend newspapers and in radio and TV reports1. On fifth December, 90 percent of 1st viscount Montgomery of Alamein’s black citizens stayed off the buses. That afternoon, the metropolis’s ministers and leaders met to discuss the opportunity of extending the boycott into a long-time period marketing campaign. During this meeting the mia changed into shaped, and king became elected president. Parks recalled: ‘‘the benefit of getting dr. King as president turned into that he was so new to Montgomery and to civil rights paintings that he hadn’t been there long enough to make any robust friends or enemies’’ 6. That nighttime, at a mass assembly at Holt Street Baptist church, the mia voted to maintain the boycott. King spoke to several thousand people at the meeting: ‘‘I want it to be recognized that we’re going to work with grim and ambitious determination to gain justice at the buses on this city. And we are not incorrect†¦ if were wrong, the splendid courtroom of this state is incorrect. If were incorrect, the constitution of the USA is inaccurate1. If were incorrect, god almighty is wrong’’ (papers three: 73). After unsuccessful talks with city commissioners and bus enterprise officials, on 8 December the mia issued a formal listing of demands: courteous treatment by bus operators; first-come, first-served seating for all, with blacks seating from the rear and whites from the front; and black bus operators on predominately black routes. The needs have been now not met, and Sir Bernard Law’s black residents stayed off the buses via 1956, no matter efforts by metropolis officers and white residents to defeat the boycott. After the city started out to penalize black taxi drivers for assisting the boycotters, the mia prepared a carpool. Following the recommendation of t. J. Jemison, who had organized a carpool during a 1953 bus boycott in Baton Rouge, the mia developed an intricate carpool system of about three hundred vehicles. Robert Hughes and others from the Alabama council for human relations prepared meetings among the mia and town officers, but no agreements have been reached. In early 1956, the houses of king and E. D. Nixon have been bombed. King was capable of calm the gang that collected at his domestic by using affirming: ‘‘be calm as I and my circle of relatives are. We are not hurt and remember that if something occurs to me, there can be others to take my location’’ (papers 3: a hundred and fifteen). Town officials obtained injunctions towards the boycott in February 1956, and indicted over 80 boycott leaders under a 1921 regulation prohibiting conspiracies that interfered with lawful commercial enterprise. King changed into tried and convicted at the fee and ordered to pay $500 or serve 386 days in jail inside the case kingdom of Alabama v. Martin Luther king, Jr. In spite of this resistance, the boycott continued. Although most of the exposure approximately the protest turned into targeted at the actions of black ministers, ladies played essential roles within the achievement of the boycott. Women such as Robinson, Johnnie Carr, and Irene west sustained the mia committees and volunteer networks. Mary truthful Burks of the wpc also attributed the success of the boycott to ‘‘the anonymous chefs and maids who walked countless miles for a 12 months to bring about the breach inside the walls of segregation’’ (Burks, ‘‘trailblazers,’’ eighty two). In his memoir, king quotes an elderly girl who proclaimed that she had joined the boycott not for her personal advantage but for the best of her youngsters and grandchildren (king, 78). National insurance of the boycott and king’s trial resulted in assist from humans outside Montgomery. In early 1956 veteran pacifists Bayard Rustin and Glenn e. Smiley visited Bernard Law Montgomery and offered king recommendation at the application of gandhian strategies and nonviolence to American race family members. Rustin, Ella baker, and Stanley Levison founded in friendship to raise funds inside the north for southern civil rights efforts, consisting of the bus boycott. King absorbed thoughts from those proponents of nonviolent direct movement and crafted his very own syntheses of gandhian principles of nonviolence. He said: ‘‘Christ showed us the way, and Gandhi in India showed it can paintings’’ (Rowland, ‘‘2,500 right here hail’’). Other followers of gandhian thoughts which includes Richard Gregg, William Stuart nelson, and homer jack wrote the mia presenting help. On 5 June 1956, the federal district courtroom dominated in Browder v. Gayle that bus segregation became unconstitutional, and in November 1956 the U.S. Superb court docket affirmed Browder v. Gayle and struck down legal guidelines requiring segregated seating on public buses. The courtroom’s choice came the same day that king and the mia were in circuit courtroom difficult an injunction towards the mia carpools. Resolved no longer to cease the boycott till the order to desegregate the buses without a doubt arrived in Bernard Law Montgomery, the mia operated without the carpool device for a month. The very best courtroom upheld the decrease court docket’s ruling, and on 20 December 1956 king called for the end of the boycott; the network agreed. The following morning, he boarded an integrated bus with ralph Abernathy, e. D. Nixon, and Glenn smiley. King stated of the bus boycott: ‘‘we got here to see that, in the end, its miles more honorable to walk in dign ity than ride in humiliation. So †¦ we determined to substitute tired toes for tired souls, and stroll the streets of Montgomery’’ (papers three: 486)4. King’s function in the bus boycott garnered global attention, and the mia’s approaches of mixing mass nonviolent protest with Christian ethics have become the model for tough segregation inside the south.

Art Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art Summary - Essay Example Rather, masculinity is not only displayed through the physical body, but also through the mind and how people conduct themselves nobly (Dyer, 148). The change of interest in body building from solely African Americans to whites made a big impact in the showbiz sector. The rise in many white males who were actively involved in the body building was appealing and led to several analyses of the ‘whiteness’ masculinity. Currently, body building has been portrayed as an art that white men ought to go through to have the ultimate figure. Body building involves several sacrifices, and it has been portrayed similarly to crucifixion (Dyer, 84). Lifting weights is a painful task that the participants endure substantial pain and suffering so as to attain the supreme body shape. Richard Dyer, in his book, discusses the white culture and its effect in history, films, literature and other areas. In this book, dyer writes of the importance of black culture in relation to that of the white one. Dyer brings out the difference in cultures from the black race and the white race and how the media portrays it. The symbolism of how the two cultures are dependent on each other is quite amazing. The example of how a black lighting is used to bring out the whiteness, for example of a blonde and how a white dress in a wedding brings out the glow in a black lady, shows the interracial relationships that can be achieved (Dyer, 104). In this chapter, a lot has been about the representation of the different races on camera, especially the problems that are encountered during filming of the black race, and the necessary steps taken to counter the problems. Several artists were given an assignment to define masculinity, and the results given were more confusing than defining. However, these artists had a common sentiment of masculinity in sports. The images shown by the artists refute the black and white depiction of masculinity and