Accounting Industry in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Accounting Industry in the USA - Essay Example Before this, it is used to known as the big five. External Factors affecting the performance of the Industry A business unit does not operate in hollow. It operates in an environment. The business environmental factors can be categorized as micro and macro environmental factors. The micro or internal environmental factors are those that can be controlled, whereas the macro or external environmental factors cannot be controlled by the firm and yet those factors affect the modus operand of a firm immensely. Therefore it is important for companies belonging to any industry monitor the external environmental factors and develop or modify business strategies accordingly. The external environmental factors include Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors or in short PEST (Cowan, 2005). Political Factors The political environment in the US is quite stable. Although the country has been engaged in conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan; the local political environment has not been ha mpered by those issues. The Us government - both present and past have welcomed business investments due to which the country has become one of the economic superpowers. However, due to increase in competition, there have been cases of unethical practices. As a result, the government has imposed strict legal measures on companies induced in unethical practices. Accounting professionals have a huge role to play to ensure ethical practices are conducted by the company. Hence from an accounting firm’s perspective, it is important that reporting and mandatory disclosures are carried out ethically to avoid legal punitive actions from the government or any other regulatory bodies (Henry, 2008). Economic Factors The global economy especially Europe and U.S. are looking to get over the economic recession. The economic downturn has forced most of the companies including the major firms to focus on cost minimization. The accounting professionals play a very important role in providing a recommendation to the management to minimize cost without comprising the overall the performance of the firm. Also due to the economic recession, various companies look to outsource the accounting activities to specialist accounting firms. This may cause the companies a few bucks, but all in all, it actually helps the companies to make the business operations a lot smoother as professionals would be looking after the core accounting issues. Social Factors The people of U.S. have always been entrepreneurial in nature and hence this provides a lot of opportunity to the accounting firms as such companies may look for specialists who can help the companies in overall accounting operations.

MARKETING RESEARCH AND INFORMATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

MARKETING RESEARCH AND INFORMATION - Essay Example The first McDonalds restaurant was opened in 1940 established its image as a fast and speedy service provider. To date the restaurant is known for its fast service and convenience. McDonald’s revenue is about $ 22.8 billion with operating profits of $3.9 billion (McDonalds 2008). Today the firm has many rivals and competitors yet it has been able maintain its number one position. However, competition is building up and McDonalds does not seem to have a very bright future. It has not been able to develop a product in a decade that would appeal to the masses. Coupled with that, McDonalds entered some wrong markets where the competition already existed with full force leading the firm to close down its operations in those markets (McDonalds 2008). Also, McDonalds has been blamed for causing obesity amongst children and have been charged with lawsuits also. With the changing needs and requirements of the market, McDonalds has been able to update itself in terms of menu, environment, service and technology. With its growing customers globally, McDonalds developed its website where it interacts with its customers and gives them what they require. McDonalds has maintained a separate website for every country (McDonalds 2008). These websites have been localized in terms of menu, layout and language etc. but the color schemes and logo are the same in all the websites. Several marketing campaigns have been launched via the websites especially the ‘I’m lovin it’ in 2003 with great success. This was an essential move as the target market was moving towards the internet from the TV and promotion was becoming a challenge (Singh 1994). The websites have proved to be a great interacting medium with the customers and has enables the firm to reach their target market especially those in the age bracket of 16-24 years who are avid internet users(Chiem 2000). This interface

Three Pinned Portal Frame

Three Pinned Portal Frame This report found that plot 400 has many dead loads, live / imposed loads and wind loads in action on the buildings portal frame. The building has a simple 3 pinned portal frame / arch structure which have been designed to resist all loads that are applicable. The building also has structural actions and different modes of collapse which act upon the supporting columns, rafter beams and supporting main beams of the portal frame. The diagrams that have been produced illustrate how the different structural sections deform and how they would fail in the event of a mod of collapse, for example torsion, shear, fatigue or even compression. The building has also been sketched and CAD drawings provided along with photographs of both the inside and outside structure which can be seen in appendix 4 of the report. This report has also listed the clients functional and spatial requirements and the applicable governing legislation which controls the design and use of buildings in England and Wales. Contents Page. Page No. 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Brief 4 3.0 Structure Appraisal 3.1 Site Location 5 3.2 Building Function 6 3.3 Building Regulations 7 3.4 Building Drawings 8 3.5 Loadings 9 16 3.6 Structural Actions 17 24 3.7 Structural Stability 25 26 3.8 Deformation and Mode of Collapse 27 31 4.0 Conclusion 32 33 5.0 Bibliography 34 6.0 References 35 7.0 Appendix 7.1 Appendix 1 Site Location Plan 37 7.2 Appendix 2 Schedule of Drawings 38 7.3 Appendix 3 Schedule of Photographs 39 7.4 Appendix 4 Photographs 40 Introduction. Buildings today are built to accommodate many different processes and purposes within the built environment. When a building is at the feasibility stage, many key items must be considered to ensure that the building which is delivered to the client meets all the functional requirements and is built in accordance with all the relevant legislation which governs the construction industry and the built environment. Some of the key design parameters would be:- Spatial requirements Materials used Underlying use of building Method of Construction Finishes Location Size Maintenance Considerations Access and Use Planning restrictions This report will identify a building and investigate the design and comment on how the design meets the functional requirements for which it has been constructed. Additional details such as drawings, photographs and sketches will also be provided to support this report. Brief This report has been produced to appraise a given structure. The structure that has been chosen is Plot 400 at Ascot Drive, Derby in the East Midlands. The building will be identified and suitable location plans will be provided for the site. The buildings purpose will be explained in relation to its functional requirements and sketches and drawings will be provided to detail the building. These drawings will be provided by hand and also by auto computer aided design technology. Having described the building and its function, this report will then identify several different loads that the buildings portal frame must withstand with descriptions on how this portal frame is designed to resist such loads. Many different structural actions are in force within the buildings main portal frame and load bearing elements, mainly:- Tension Compression Shear Bending Shell action Plate action Joints Arches Suspension beams Truss rafters Having described these structural actions the report will then discuss how Plot 400 is designed and constructed to resist any overturning against dead loads, wind loads and fire conditions. Finally sketches will be produced to show how the main load bearing elements of Plot 400 could deform under the action of several different loads, should the structure not be designed correctly to resist these loads and different modes of collapse or other possible failures will be described. Conclusions will be made on the reports findings and the report will include appended drawings and a photograph schedule. 3.0 Structural Appraisal 3.1 Site Location The proposed building is located in Derby within the East Midlands. The full site address is:- Plot 400 Ascot Business Park Longbridge Lane Derby Derbyshire DE24 Site location plans can be seen in appendix 1 which shows Plot 400 in relation to plots, 100, 250, and 550 off Longbridge Lane. Appendix 1 also shows views from satellites and road location maps. < www.multimaps.com> Photographs of Plot 400 can be seen in appendix 4. 3.2 Building Function The building at Derby, Plot 400 has been commissioned by the client Pattonair Limited to store, distribute and package parts for the aviation industry. The building is to also allow space for ancillary processes such as ordering, accounts, HR, legal and every day processes such as welfare facilities. The 3 storey office accommodation which is located to the front elevations of the building will cater for the following processes:- Accounting (payments, orders etc.) Orders Management (staff, products) Human resources Legal responsibilities General communications and data transfer Information Technology Welfare facilities (eating, washing toilets etc.) Parking (staff and visitors) Meetings Protection of occupants from the elements (wind, rain, snow, cold and sun/heat). The warehouse is a single storey building with a 3 storey office block attached to the front elevation (North Elevation). The warehouse also includes a 3 storey mezzanine structure supported off the existing warehouse slab as shown in appendix 4 items 11, 22, 16, 24. The main functions of the warehouse space are:- Storage (mezzanine level) Production Packaging Manual handling and labelling Distribution Protection of goods from the elements (wind, rain, snow, cold and sun/heat) Protection for occupants and employees from the elements Accommodation of occupants for processes The building must therefore be designed to provide all these functions so that it will meet the clients functional requirements for them to run a business. 3.3 Building Regulations and Planning Permissions Now that the designers are aware of what functional requirements the building must provide, the design team must also ensure that the building meets with all the current legislation, these are mainly, for a building of this size and use:- The Town and Country Planning act 1990 The Building Act 1984 The Building Regulations 2000 The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulation 2007 The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 The Workplace (Health and Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 These regulations apply to the building in both construction and occupation, the last 3 regulations only apply upon occupation of Plot 400. 3.4 Building Drawings Having taken photographs and inspected the building, sketches will now be produced of the building. 3.5 Loadings Buildings in England and Wales must be designed in accordance with Approved Document A of the Building Regulations 2000. This document sets out minimum standards for all types of buildings and specifies that buildings must:- be constructed so that the combined dead, imposed and wind loads are sustained and transmitted by it to the ground Safely : and Without causing such deflection or deformation of any part of the building, or such movement of the ground, as will impair the stability of any part of another building ODPM. (2004) Buildings generally are designed for primary and secondary loads. Primary loads are loads which act on a building in the first instance and can also be called principal loads, these loads are Dead loads Imposed loads Wind loads Dead loads Dead loads are loads which are applied to a structure and are generally permanent and stationary in action. The largest factor of dead loads is usually the self weight of the structural member itself for example:- Steel column Steel beam/rafter/perlin etc Pre cast floor plank/beam/stair Cladding (roof and walls) Windows Services (lights, sprinklers, HVAC) Imposed loads Imposed loads are also called live loads and these constitute loads which are movable and generally act on a structure when it is occupied. Examples of live loads are:- People Furniture Cars Computers Products (retail and storage) Animals Imposed loads can be further sub divided into imposed floor loads and imposed roof loads which are given in British Standard BS 6399 Part 1 : Code of practice for dead and imposed loads 1996. Wind loads Wind loads are as they sound, loads which are applied to a building in England and Wales due to negative and positive pressures both within and outside the building in question. Wind loads can sometimes course actions to a building which may not have been considered and this load is the largest loading failure on the majority of buildings in England and Wales. Wind loads of course vary depending on:- Geographical location Degree of exposure Building height and size/shape Time of exposure Wind direction Positive or negative pressures created SEWARD, D. (2003) Having discussed primary loads, it is also essential that secondary loads are also considered in the design of every building. Secondary loads are caused mainly by the following factors:- Temperature change within the element or surrounding elements such as walls, floors, plaster, blockwork, brickwork, finishes etc. Shrinkage of materials/members such as plaster, timber, concrete etc. Settlement of supports such as supporting columns, foundations, load bearing walls/floors and supporting beams. SEWARD, D. (2003) These loads are actions which effect the buildings supporting structure and the actions can be separated into 3 different categories. The dead loads in a building are classified as permanent actions. The imposed loadings for floors and roofs (snow loads) are classified as variable actions. The most recent action to now be included within the British Standard and approved document A of the building regulations is disproportionate collapse which is an accidental action. The recent regulation states that:- The building shall be constructed so that in the event of an accident the building will not suffer collapse to an extent disproportionate to the cause. ODPM. (2004) Within the guidance there are 3 main classes as shown in the table below:- (Table taken from Approved Document A of the Building Regulations 2004, ODPM.) Plot 400 at Derby is classified as a 2A Building as the warehouse is single storey and the offices do not exceed 4 storeys. The way in which Plot 400 has been designed to resist disproportionate collapse is via effective horizontal ties of all suspended floors to walls, mainly the first and second floor pre- cast planks to the supporting steel beams. This was achieved with welded shear studs concreted into the pre- cast units at the external perimeter. These loads are now known as accidental actions and have been introduced because of the incident that happened at the World Trade Centre, New York, America. This incident caused an outcome which was disproportionate to the accident/attack and now all buildings have to be designed to resist such failures. Ronan point may also come under this classification. Plot 400 has been designed to resist and withstand the following loads:- Dead loads from structural elements Dead loads from services Dead loads from finishes Dead loads from the external envelope Imposed loads from people (UDL) Imposed loads from products (UDL) Imposed loads from furniture (UDL) Imposed loads from computers (UDL) Imposed loads from conveyors within the warehouse (UDL) Wind loads to the Portal frame uplift Snow loads to the supporting roof structure Wind loads deflection Wind loading resistance to overturning Hydrostatic Pressure (p) against all pad foundation bases All these loads are applicable to the supporting structure of Plot 400. The supporting structure is made up of the following elements:- Pad Foundations which support columns Columns which support rafters Rafters which support the roof structure Secondary rafters which support roof and wall cladding These details can be seen in appendix 4 items 6, 9, 10, 17, 21, 25, 26, 28. These elements are all designed to resist the previously mentioned loadings. The way in which this is achieved is by applying the following specification. The whole building is designed to transmit all dead, imposed, snow and hydrostatic loads safely to the ground. Dead Loads The dead loads are carried by all supporting beams, foundations and columns into the ground. Each section is sized on the amount of dead, imposed and wind load (maximum) that could be applied to the section at any one time. The section of each supporting element is governed by the following factors:- Second movement of area (I) Elastic modulus (Z) Maximum bending capacity Maximum shear capacity Maximum compression capacity Maximum torsion capacity As each of these factors is increased, the size of section also increases Live Loads The Live loads generally affect the bending movement and deflection values of beams and floors/roofs etc. Live loads are again designed against by increasing the section of material to resist the applied load. Live loads can also be considered with the inclusion of bracing and gusset plates or stiffening plates etc. These plates are some times included to reduce the live load affecting the size of section, in particular if the live load of a beam was particularly high (for example in a gymnasium or dance hall etc) the beams of that floor could be designed to resist the live load in the following manner:- Larger section depth so that x x is increased making the beam stiffer. Smaller spacings of beams to create a stiffer floor. Decrease the amount of allowable deflection, thus increasing the size of the beams possibly. Stiffening plates to the beam sections to reduce the amount of I (second movement of area). Wind Loads All buildings must be designed to resist both vertical and horizontal loads. If a building is designed to resist only vertical loads the possible deformation of the structure could take place. This can be seen in appendix 2 diagram 11 which shows a portal frame building which has only been designed to resist vertical loads. This structure has not been considered for possible horizontal loads and the failure of the elements is shown (The horizontal load could be a wind loading). (Drawing adapted from SEWARD, D . (2003) Buildings must also be designed for uplift. This is applied to a building when a prevailing wind acts directly onto the side elevation of a building. This can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 9. This diagram shows how the wind load acts into the building causing positive pressures inside the building and causing uplift. The way in which buildings are designed to resist uplift is as follows:- The buildings overall mass may be increased to provide a sufficient dead load (weight to resist any vertical uplift forces.) The buildings foundations can be oversized so that the buildings mass again is increased and the uplift force resisted. The buildings shape and size can also be designed so that the wind load does not increase and uplift can not be applied, or is reduced to a minimum. Such items as low buildings or buildings with sharp narrow elevations can reduce the amount of uplift. SEWARD, D (2003). The building may also encounter a sway case wind load. This wind load is generally created when the wind blows onto the side elevation of a portal frame building and can be seen in appendix 2 drawing 10. This diagram shows how the wind causes external pressures to the portal frame. Internal pressures are irrelevant in this condition. The way that portal frames are designed to resist wind loads from such directions can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 7 and diagram 4 (wind bracing). These diagrams show bracing within grid lines 19 20 and 1 2 (diagram 4) and bracing in bays A B (diagram 7). Bracing will also be provided in bays 1 2 and 19 20 vertically so that the roof bracing transmits all wind loads to the outer walls for which in turn, transmit the load safely to the ground. When the wind blows perpendicular to the frame as in appendix 2, diagram 10, the stability is maintained by the rigid joints of the portal frame connections at both foundation/column and rafter/column locations. In buildings where the frame is not a portal frame the design is some what different. When buildings such as houses and apartment blocks or office blocks are built, which do not have a portal frames, shear walls are provided to maintain lateral support and resistance against wind loadings. There are 5 main designs which can be provided to resist wind loads mainly:- Shear walls parallel as in diagram 12, appendix 2. Shear walls at the ends of a building shown in diagram 13, appendix 2. Diagonal Bracing at the ends of a building as shown in diagram 14, appendix 2. Central Core structure as the main support in a tall building as shown in diagram 15, appendix 2 and finally Arched structures which have an inherent lateral strength and require little additional support. This can be seen in diagram 16, appendix 2. All these options would provide support to resist wind loadings. 3.6 Structural Actions Having described which loads are being applied to Plot 400, this report will now identify the different structural actions which may be taking place within the structural elements. The main structural frame of Plot 400 consists of:- Supporting pad foundations Supporting columns Supporting first and second floor beams to the office area Supporting rafters to the roof Supporting secondary rafters to the cladding (Z perlins) The main structural actions that may be acting on the structural elements are as follows:- Tension stress Compression stress Shear stress Bending/Flexure (axial and bending) stress Torsion Deflection Tension Tension in objects is caused when a material/element is stretched outside its normal parameters. For example the rafter beams supporting the roof of Plot 400, as shown in appendix 2, diagram 6 and diagram 17 shows how the top section of the supporting rafter is in tension and the underside of the beam is in compression. Tension is a reaction force applied by the action force, in this case the self weight of the beam and roof cladding, acting on the support rafter. Compression Compression acts mainly in a single direction and small compression members are usually known as struts, larger sections are known as columns or traditionally as stanchions. When a column is under compression it can variably fail in two areas, mainly under compressive strength/crushing and buckling. SEWARD, D . (2003) The elements within Plot 400 that are under compression are the supporting columns which support the rafters and supporting main beams of the first and second floors. These columns can be seen in appendix 4 items 6, 10, 16, 17, 23, 25. The supporting mezzanine legs of the mezzanine floor are also in compression as shown in appendix 4, item 2. Shear Shear stress is a force which acts parallel or tangential to the face of the connection, material or element. The shear stress factor of a material is the ability or strength of the material to resist itself sliding (molecular structure). If the material has a high shear stress factor its molecular structure will be strong, preventing the molecules from parting easily. The items which are in shear stress in Plot 400 will be the column/rafter connections and the column/beam connections. These connections will experience shear across the connecting bolts and fixing plates. Bending Bending, also known as flexure is the force which acts perpendicular to the axis of the element. For example on a simply supported beam, the bending moment acts perpendicular against the x x axis. This bending moment then causes compression and tension on the beam as in diagram 17, appendix 2. This bending moment also causes shear parallel to the lateral loading. Plastic bending can also occur in a material, this is when the stresses exceed the materials yield strength and all supporting elements in Plot 400 will have been designed so that the yield is not exceeded and therefore plastic bending should not occur. The bending stresses applicable to the steel frame in Plot 400 can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 18. This diagram shows the maximum bending moments applicable to the frame of Plot 400 which has been designed as a Ridgid Portal Frame. This diagram also shows the point of contra flexure, the point at which there is no bending in the beams/rafters and columns. CHUDLEY, R, GREENO, R (2004). Torsion Torsion is the torsional moment or torque, which like a bending moment has the units of force X distance (KNM). There are two types of torsion, compatibility torsion and equilibrium torsion. Compatibility torsion is caused when a steel column or member has to twist to accommodate the deflection of another member. This happens when say 2 supporting beams have to deflect (twist) to accommodate the deflection of the centrally supported beam. Equilibrium torsion is when a load is off centre to the central axis of the supporting member, the connections of this support must be of sufficient strength otherwise the element will fail. The best way to eliminate torsion is to ensure that the supporting beam/element is placed directly under the supported load, for example placing an I beam so that the Y Y axis is central to the load. SEWARD, D . (2003) The elements within Plot 400 are not under direct torsion. The way that all supporting beams/rafters have been designed is with the I beam placed centrally under the supported loads. Deflection Deflection is the amount of movement or deflection that a structural member experiences when put under load. The amount of allowable deflection is set out in the building regulations and is set to stop alarm and panic of building users. Other reasons are to stop any damage being caused to finishes such as plaster and wall coverings etc. Deflection is also limited to stop movement and possible cracks being caused which may cause water penetrations and structure damage, for example a roof deflecting more than the allowable limit may mean that tiles become separated and allow water to penetrate into the roof space. The elements of Plot 400 will all be under deflection. The rafters supporting the roof, the beams supporting the upper floors and the columns supporting the rafters will all be subjected to deflection. The reason they do not fail, or should not fall is due to the fact that the allowable deflection will have been calculated and each section will deflect, but will not deflect outside its design limit. Shell Roofs A shell roof can be defined as a structural curved skin/material over a given plan shape. The main design of a shell roof system is:- The roof is primarily a structural skin/element which acts as a single element The basic strength of the roof is determined by the shape The amount of material used to cover a shell roof is generally less than a standard roof design. CHUDLEY, R. GREENO, R. (2004) Shell roofs can be constructed from concrete, steel and timber. The shell action of the roof gives the roof its strength and the building at Derby does not have any shell actions or a shell roof. Joints Plot 400, Ascot Drive, Derby has many joints within the structure. These joints connect columns to pad bases, columns to rafters, rafters to rafters and beams to columns. The main connections within the structure at Plot 400 are:- Welded Connections Bolted Connections (both standard and HSFG) Welded Connections Welded connections are generally created using electric are welding. The main two welds are a butt weld and a fillet weld. The connections in Plot 400 which are welded are all plates to each end of the rafters and main beams. Bolted Connections Bolted connections are provided to support a given load. There are 2 main types of bolted connections:- ordinary bolted connection This connection depends on the strength on contact between the bolt shank and the sides of the hole in the plates. This is commonly known as a dowel-pin action. HSFG High Strength Friction Grip bolted connections rely on tension between the two surfaces being bolted. This connection provides a very high strength ridged connection and is ideal for fixing elements which are subjected to a load reversal such as wind bracing. SEWARD, D. (2003) STROUD FOSTER, J, HARINGTON, R. (2000) This report will now identify the structural elements of Plot 400 which work as a:- Suspension beam Truss Arched structure The following structural elements in Plot 400 are acting as a suspension beam:- Supporting universal beams which are providing support to the pre-cast floor units at First and second floor levels. These can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 5. The following structural elements in Plot 400 are acting as a truss:- ii) The truss rafter beams which are supporting the roof element. These can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 6. The building at Derby does not contain any plate structures or shell structures. However, these items will be described on how they act. Arched Structures Arched structures are a natural shape which inherently has a good level of strength and support. The arch was utilised some 2000 years ago by the Roman Empire as large open spans could be achieved. The support reaction of an arch has a vertical as well as a horizontal component. An arch depends entirely on the ability of its supports to resist the horizontal components without excessive movement. The most common cause of arch failures is due to foundation failure. SEWARD, D. (2003). Examples of arched structures are:- the old Roman aqueducts the Gothic Arch buildings Bridges Portal frame buildings (Plot 400) The common portal frame building today consists mainly of a 3 or 2 pin structure. The building at Derby consists of a 3 pin structure, the central rafters are pinned and both columns are pinned at foundation base level. This type of arch is statically determinate and fairly simple to analyse. Examples for the bending moments applicable to Plot 400 can be seen in appendix 2, diagram 18. The portal frame/arched structure has 3 maximum load cases that must be applied mainly:- maximum vertical load maximum sway maximum uplift (overturning) Once all these cases have been designed into the portal frame, the structure will be sufficient to accommodate all wind, dead, live/imposed and overturning loads. The building at Derby does not contain any shell structure this has already been considered in the previous section. The last remaining item is a plate structure. This is a structure which acts together as a single element in a horizontal plane. The building at Derby does not contain any plat structures; the closest item within the building which may constitute a plate structure is the composite, hollow rib deck floor system. This is a system which comprises of a concrete, in-situ floor which is reinforced to give lateral strength, this composite deck is then connected to the supporting main beams and in some cases positively connected to resist any disproportionate collapse risk. Structural Stability The building at Derby has been designed as a simple portal frame structure which has to provide many functions as detailed in section 3.2 of this report. This section will now discuss how the building has been designed to resist any overturning. The building at derby, Plot 400 has 2 cases of overturning. The fist case of overturning is due to wind loads, these wind loads cause large negative and positive pressures within and outside the building envelope causing an uplift force as on a wing of an aeroplane. The second area of overturning that must be designed into the building is into the Foundation bases which

Linux Versus Windows NT :: essays research papers

Linux versus Windows NT Forget the browser wars. This year's big nerd battle is the server shootout between Linux and Windows NT - and it's not just a bunch of geeks nit-picking. While both offer more affordable platforms for Web service than in the past, Linux and NT are polar opposites on almost every other level. They look different, run differently, support different software, and cost money in different places. So far though, most press coverage of the Linux-NT debate has focused on the competing business models, and there's been little helpful information for deciding which OS to use. At the other end of the coverage spectrum, technical comparisons usually stick to performance tests, churning out reams of numbers from the lab and missing the big picture of owning and operating a Web site. The most obvious difference between NT and Linux is that NT attempts to bring the familiar Windows graphical user interface to a server environment. Ideally, a Webmaster could maintain NT (and its bundled Web server, Microsoft Internet Information Server, aka IIS) primarily by pointing and clicking. NT also comes bundled with a singular set of Microsoft site development tools. Linux, on the other hand, builds from the long, varied tradition of Unix command-line culture. It can be harder (or at least more daunting) to learn Unix from scratch than it is to learn a Windows system, but Unix users who get over the hump of the initial learning curve rarely express happiness over trying to do the same work in a Windows environment. That's the "Windows rage" you observe whenever your local sysadmin (System Administrator) has to get up from his Linux workstation to fix your PC. If there's one area where NT stands out over Linux, it's the willingness of third-party software vendors to develop versions of their software for it. Ad-serving software, search engines, databases, application servers, and e-commerce shopping carts are almost certain to come in NT versions, whereas big-name vendors such as Oracle, Sun, and IBM have just begun to commit to Linux. A Windows NT license costs about $300. A Linux license costs nothing. Not much overhead, but the real costs come later: lost income from downtime or unfixed bugs, high prices for technical employees who make things go, and extra machines and software as the site grows. There's a notable lack of consensus as to whether Linux or NT delivers a lower total cost of ownership.

Final Exam Solutions (Leadership and Organizational Behavior) Essay

1. TCO A, B) Define organizational behavior and list the four emotional intelligence competencies that contribute to understanding ourselves and others within the organizational behavior environment. 2. (TCO D) Referring to the team decision-making process, define consensus and unanimity and explain the difference between the two. 3. (TCO E, F) Although conflict is usually considered a negative experience to be avoided, it actually has the potential to produce positive organizational outcomes. Please identify three ways in which conflict can be a positive influence. 4. (TCO G) There are six sources of position power in organizational settings. Identify and define three of these sources. 5. (TCO H, I, J) The senior executive team at AllGoodThings.com, after a strategy review session with the Board of Directors, has decided that it’s time to invest some time and capital in improving the corporate culture. The company has rebounded from a near calamity two years ago, and while it was a great scramble, the company survived and is in the strongest position ever. They knew that the culture had been strained by the episode and wanted sincerely to work to bring things back to â€Å"normal.† With the assistance of local HR offices, a case was made to the employee population that certain aspects of their current culture might have suffered over the past few years and that it was time to think about change. They announced that they would be undergoing an organizational culture review and that everyone’s opinion was valued. A whopping 79% of the employees participated in the survey that they administered. Senior management had worked with the consultants for a few months before the survey was given and had determined their â€Å"Ideal† scores. The survey confirmed their suspicions. 6. (TCO C) As a manager you are in a situation where a key employee seems to have lost his excitement about the job. The employee’s familiar positive tone and high energy approach to the job and the workplace seem to be on the wane. You really don’t know what is going on with this person. But, you can try to start to understand this employee by examining various motivation theories. Use elements from each of Maslow’s theory, Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory, and Equity theory and assemble your own motivation theory to help you to start understanding this employee. Be sure to fully explain and define all elements that you use in your new model of motivation. Finally, compose a short case to demonstrate how your motivation model can actually be applied. 7. (TCO G) The Michigan and Ohio State studies represent seminal research on leadership theory. Both studies identified two basic forms of leader behaviors. What were the similarities in the findings from these two studies and what was the significance of the research? 8. (TCO A, B) In order to meet organizational goals and objectives management must comprehend organizational behavior in relationship to the functions of management. List and describe the management process functions and describe how the five personality traits contribute to the management process. 9. (TCO E, F) Neff Incorporated is a small business with 100 employees and 4 managers. 10.(TCO D) Define the concept of social loafing. Why does social loafing occur? Give an example of social loafing and a suggestion for how to prevent it.

Feasibility Study Essay

* 1. A Feasibility Study on the Establishment of a Semi-Commercial Hogs Farm in Alfonso, Cavite The LGD Farms * 2. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION * 3. In the Philippines, pork is one of the basic foods which Filipinos eat. It is one of the best sources of protein needed by the body to be strong and healthy. That is why a need for a farm arises. Introduction * 4. Hog raising business has been a very popular and dependable business in the Philippines. In fact, Hog raising business had dominated the swine industry as a healthy and viable commercial sector.Even in our traditional Filipino Festival/Occasion, Filipinos always crave for cuisine with â€Å"PORK†. â€Å"Di kompleto ang Okasyon kung walang handang baboy†. * 5. This statement had marked our traditional way of celebrating special occasions in our lives, and it proved our undying taste for pork. The Philippine Department of Agriculture’s vision is to modernized smallholder agriculture and fisheries to a diversified rural economy which would be dynamic, technologically advanced and internationally competitive. * 6. As of July 2008, it was recoded at 35.6% of the labor force, roughly around 12 million people, are employed in the agriculture industry, which includes the hunting and forestry sectors. The situation being such, the agriculture sector aims for security, sustainability of the natural resource base, social equity and global competitiveness. * 7. The Philippines takes specific measures to achieve these goals through the protection and development of watersheds; proper management of agricultural land and water resources; establishment of biogas facilities; providing marginalized sectors preferential access to productive assets and providing essential measures and support services. * 8. Vision The LGD Farms envisions itself as a hog raising farm promoting and maintaining environmental friendly identity to its employees, customers and to to the community. LGD Farms also envisions itself to be a naturally independent source of BioGas which can be used as a substitute for LPG to be used in the farm. The LGD Farms also envisions for the expansion of hog operation.The LGD’s Vision/Mission Statement * 9. Mission The LGD Farms will create an environmentally friendly identity through undertaking the proper and efficient way of waste disposals to avoid harming and distorting others. The LGD Farms will introduce its environmental friendly BioGas facility through using the hogs’ waste, by converting these waste into useful mathaine gas. * 10. The LGD Farms will undergo expansion after  five years through constructing additional building and adding parent stocks for the purpose of increasing their productiion to supply larger amount in the demand supply gap * 11. CHAPTER III PROJECT BACKGROUND * 12. Name of the Proposed Business: LGD FarmsNature of the business: Hogs ProductionType of business organization: Sole ProprietorshipLocation of the project: Kaysuyo, Alfonso, CaviteProject Background * 13. Source of Capital Funding of LGD Farms’ general operation and other financial demands will be sourced from the savings of the proprietor. Mr. Jandel A. Gimeno will invest P 4,600,000 in the business. * 14. Proposed Name of the Business â€Å"LGD Farms† will be the name of the business as agreed upon by the proponents. The proponents adopted the letters E and J from the name of the proprietor’s parents, Efren and Jovita Gimeno. * 15. The project will adopt a sole proprietorship type of business organization. Sole proprietorship type of business organization is one which is owned and run by an individual and where there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. Type of Business Organization * 16. All assets of the business are owned by the pr oprietor and all the debts of the business are proprietor’s debts and he/she must pay it from his/her personal resources which will result to unlimited liability. * 17. The proponents opt to form the business under sole proprietorship type of business organization as they see it fit considering the nature and capital requirements of the project. Moreover, it is subject to fewer regulations unlike the other type of business organization, the owner has full autonomy with regard to business decisions. * 18. The proposed location had been chosen by the prponents considering such factors as the availability of resources, accesibility to the potential customers, location cost and the environment of the business which fall under agro – industrial land type as being classified by the DENR which is the only approved land type and location for the establishment of a Hog Farm. Location of the Firm * 19. According to the very nature of the proposed project, which is in line with the livestock type of business, a none-residential area has been the prime consideration of the proponents in choosing the site of the business. The LGD Farms will be situated at Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite. * 20. Management and Personnel Feasibility Summary LGD Farms will implement a democratic style of  management. This means that all employees will have the privilege and will be allowed to participate in the decision-making concerning the farm. The employees as well as the general manager will peform multi-tasking jobs for easy flow of operation. * 21. CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT FEASIBILITY * 22. With regard to the business operations, the proposed business will have a total of four (4) persons including the General Manager, Technical Operations Manager and two (2) Farmhands. Each of them must have knowledge about the production processes of hogs. They will be trained and oriented properly and will be given some seminars regarding hog farming.Administration and Management Feasibility * 23. Management Proposals The General Manager will be the one to plan and will be in charge of the overall supervision of the farm. He will be the one to screen the applicants to be recruited and hired. The Technical Operations Manager will oversee the efficiency and effectiveness of the farmhands. He will also be responsible for the general care of the pigs, maintaining the herd health and environment of the pigs. * 24. Organizational Chart * 25. In an organization, policies and principles play an important role because these help organization to become more efficient and effective. These will guide the whole business and help to achieve the company’s goals.Company Policies * 26. The proprietor will be the general manager of the firm. His compensation will be through withdrawals from the business. 20% of the Net income will be drawn from the farm.Policies on Drawings * 27. Policies on Hiring LGD Farms will announce job vacancies. The proposed business will recruit and employ workers on the basis of their qualifications of work. Referrals from trusted people will also be entertained. Qualified applicants will then pass the necessary requirements to the management such as:Barangay, Police and NBI ClearanceCopy of Birth CertificateHigh School/College Diploma/Form 137Medical CertificateDriver’s License * 28. Security Measures The E&J Farm will construct fence around the farm to prevent the entrance of unauthorized person despite the safety of the location against possible threats. * 29. Policies on Days of Work Employees will work six (6) days a week The compensation will be on  a daily basis. The employees are entitled to one (1) rest day a week. * 30. Work Schedule All employees are entitled to one (1) rest day. The Farmhand 1 will take his rest day on Saturday and the Farmhand 2 will take his rest day on Sunday. The Technical Operations Manager will take his rest day every Friday. * 31. PhilHealth, PAG-IBIG, SSS and 13th month pay will be provided for all employees.Seminars/ Trainings Seminars and trainings will be conducted for the farmhands to gain additional knowledge that will enhance their abilities and skills to become more productive and more efficient.Employee Benefits * 32. CHAPTER VMARKETING FEASIBILITY * 33. This chapter will discuss all the marketing aspects of a Hog Farm. The discussion will include the general market description, the target markets, the general marketing practices, demand, supply, the demand supply analysis, the propose marketing program and the marketing strategy. The data and other figures were gathered through research using both primary and secondary data. MARKETING FEASIBILITY * 34. The primary data came from the results of the conducted survey by the proponents and the secondary data were gathered from several government agencies and offices such as Provincial Veterinary Office (PVO), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Bureau of Agricultural Staistics (BAS), Department Of Agriculture (DA), and Alfonso Municipal Office. * 35. The use of marketing strategies and promotional activities such as word-of-mouth advertising, referrals and transit advertisement are highly sufficient to increase the number of customers and to increase the level of revenue. * 36. Alfonso, Cavite is an upland town situated at Southwest portion of the province. It is one of the highly recommended place for the establishment of Hog Farms as approved by the Provincial Veterinary Office. According to Alfonso Zoning Map, the said town provides preferable locations for the possibility of opening business operations in line with agriculture. MARKET DESCRIPTION * 37. According to the Provincial Veterinary Office, there were about 20 commercial farms and 70 backyard farms operating in areas of Alfonso, Indang, Mendez, Tagaytay, and Silang, Cavite as of 2009 Provincial Veterinary Office official count. In Alfonso, there are about 3 commercial farms and 20 backyard farms. * 38. The proposed business will be established at Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite. The target market will be the  public markets of Alfonso, Tagaytay City, Mendez, Indang and Silang, Cavite. The selected five towns of Cavite has a total of 130 meat vendors operating in their respective public markets. TARGET MARKET * 39. Table 1. Freaquency of Selling operation in Silang, Tagaytay City, Indang, Alfonso and Mendez, Cavite * 40. Table 2. Quantity of meats sold per selling operation * 41. Table 3. Source of Pork Supplies of Vendors * 42. Table 4. Availability of meat supplies * 43. Table 5. Vendor’s willingness to buy * 44. GENERAL MARKETING PRACTICES The LGD Farm will seek accreditation from Cavite Livestock Poultry Farming Association Incorporated (CALIFPAI), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Provincial Veterenary Office (PVO). The farm will follow all the rules and regulations and will comply with the standards set by these organizations and agencies to ensure the proper operations of the farm. * 45. The farm will also get updates and reviews and other useful information for better hog farm operation. As to operation security, The LGD Farms will secure its necessary requirements such as the Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC)/ Environmental Compliance Certificate, Licenses and business permits. * 46. The farm will also actively participate on some different livelihood programs such as Hog Raising Seminars, Civic Welfare Programs and other Community Development related activities to gain market awareness. By these practices, the farm is expecting to establish a good public relations with different haulers and meat vendor to whom the farm will transact with. * 47. DEMANDHistorical Demand for pork in Selected Five Towns in Cavite (in kilograms) * 48. Projected Demand for Pork in Selected Five Towns in Cavite (in kilograms) * 49. Historical Supply for Pork in Selected Five Towns in Cavite (in kilograms)SUPPLY * 50. Projected Supply for Pork in Selected Five Towns in Cavite (in kilograms * 51. DEMAND – SUPPLY ANALYSIS * 52. CAPACITY TO SELL * 53. The farm will be advertised through word-of-mouth promotion, referrals and transit advertising. It will also join CALIFPAI (Cavite Livestock Farming Poultry Association Incorporated) to meet representatives of various sectors including Department of Agriculture. Proposed Marketing  Program * 54. The local government officials of Alfonso will also be a great help since the proposed business will contribute for the betterment of the community. LGD will also engage itself in organizing seminars/workshop for other hog raisers and for those who aspire to put up their own hog farms. This will also serve as a promotion of the farm. * 55. Growing Period and Feed Consumption Average Daily Gain- This Refers to the average gain in weight of pigs in kilograms per day. Weaners should have an ADG of at least .350 kg. And fatteners should have an ADG of .800-.825 kg. The higher the ADG the better because it means faster growth of pig and lower fattening period. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE * 56. Feed Conversion Ratio- This refers to the amount of feeds consumed by the pig per kilogram gain in weight. The lower the FCR the better. It means lesser feeds per gain. Weaners should have an FCR of 1.5 and fatteners should have an FCR of 3.0. * 57. The LGD Farms will use tarpaulin in its introductory stage as well as Transit advertising, which means the use of vehicles to carry the advertising material for the clients to be aware of the existence of the proposed business. Deliveries to clients will be available everyday.MARKETING STRATEGY * 58. The LGD Farms will also reach out to different charitable institutions such as orphanage, churches and government hospitals, charity and organizations. Help will be extended to those chosen charity by means of goods and financial help. * 59. CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION The products will undergo channels of distribution. These will be done by the E&J Farms through selling of hogs to slaughter houses and haulers which will serve as the middlemen or resellers. Next, the slaughter houses will deliver the meats to different public markets in selected towns and city for retailing purposes. * 60. These group of meat vendors wiil sell the meats to household who are considered as the consumers /end-users of meats for final consumption purposes. * 61. CHAPTER VIPRODUCTION/TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY * 62. The proposed business LGD Farms falls under a production type of business providing the resellers quality pigs for their reselling purposes, particularly those meat vendors and even haulers in different market in Cavite, especially in Alfonso and near-by towns. LGD will establish 50 sow level hogs farm, producing 100 heads of hog a month. PRODUCTS * 63. A  variety of Landrace strains originated from famous Danish Landrace hogs which were developed in Denmark in 1895. The Landrace is characterized by its long body length, short legs, and medium to large drooping ears. Landrace swine is meaty on the food especially on the rail. Their hams are plump but trim. Their sides are long and uniform in depth. BREEDER STOCKS * 64. Landrace sows are prolific and are known to be excellent mothers and having a good litter size. This breed’s sows have been known for their milk producing abilities, reaching their top milk after five weeks of lactation which is much latter when compared to other breeds. * 65. Large White is a white-colored meat type of pig with medium, erect ears, curved back and body in dining forward. The face is slightly dished. It is fast –growing, a good feed converter, highly prolific and excellent milkers with superior mothering ability. Its carcass is also suited for bacon production. It can adapt well in confinement but not in rugged condition. * 66. Breed the sows.FarrowingWeaning of pigletsPiglets in the NurseryTransfer to fattening sectionHogs at market weightPRODUCTION PROCESS * 67. Purchase of Piglets.Disinfection and Quarantine. Transfer of Purchased piglets to the nursery pen.Transfer to the Fattening Section. Hogs at market weight.ALTERNATIVE PROCESS (1) * 68. Breed the sows.Farrowing.Weaning of piglets.Piglets in the nursery.Piglets at market weight. ALTERNATIVE PROCESS (2) * 69. PROJECT SITE * 70. The first factor that must be considered is the availability of resources or location where the project will be situated. Other considerations also include; the location cost and other legal requisites and also for all of this to be possible, a non-residencial area must be chosen as the location of the business for it to operate. * 71. PROJECT SITE DESCRIPTIONThe proposed project, LGD Farms will be located at Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite. * 72. Building The E&J Farms will construct three major buildings which would be essential for the operation of the farm, the Dry pen building, Farrowing pen and nursery pen building and the Fattener pen building.BUILDING AND FACILITIES * 73. Dry Pen BuildingFarrowing and Nursery Pen BuildingFattener Pen BuildingHolding PenStorage RoomArtificial Insemenation LaboratoryFarm House * 74. LGD Farms has a biogas facility that treats pig wastes and generate enough methaine gas that is used for  cooking at the farm house. This facility has made the commercial farm environmentally friendly as it minimizes pig odors from farm wastes. Also, after biogas processing of effluent wastes, wastewater is discharged to irrigate the grass paddocks within the farm premises.BIOGAS FACILITIES * 75. The farm will create no waste but pieces of plastic packaging of medicines for hogs, that will be placed properly on a trash bin. The pig waste will undergo the biogas facility that treats pig waste and generate enough methaine gas that is used for cooking at the farm house. WASTE AND WASTE DISPOSAL * 76. This facility has made the commercial farm environmentally friendly as it minimizes pig odors from farm wastes. Also, after biogas processing of effluent wastes, wastewater is discharge to irrigate the grass paddocks within the farm premises. * 77. The quality of each pig will be maintained through proper care and treatment. Control of virus should be taken into consideration as to avoid diseases. The farm will have a record of every pig for monitoring and evaluation purposes. This will be done from the dry period to the farrowing day for the sows and from the day 1 of the piglets to market weight for fatteners.QUALITY CONTROL * 78. There will be a technician for the sows from the supplier of the parent stocks and a feed technician from the supplier of the feeds. Both of them will serve as farm consultant on an on-call basis. * 79. CHAPTER VIIFINANCIAL FEASIBILITY * 80. CAPITAL REQUIREMENTSCASH P 154,178.50PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT Farming Tools And Equipment 50,080.00Delivery Equipment 270,000.00Office Equipment 18,200.00Furniture And Fixtures 18,720.00INVENTORIESFarm Supplies P2,401,136.50Office Supplies 485.00Land 450,000.00Pre-Operating Expense 17,200,00TOTAL CAPITAL REQUIMENTS P4,600,000.00 * 81. Selling price is computed using statistical parabolic projection method.Sales are 100% of the yearly production.Gas and oil expense, promotion and advertisement, repair and maintenance are assumed to increase by 5% annually.Contingencies are 3% of net sales.Drawing is 20% of net income.OTHER FINANCIAL ASSUMPTIONS * 82. Other benefits like seminars and trainings are assumed to increase by 5% annually.Audit fees, permits and licenses are assumed to increase by 5% annually.The initial capital requirement is good for 3 months consumption.Production will be maintained at 100 heads per month for the  next 5 years. * 83. Pre-Operating Cash FlowCash Inflow Capital Contribution P4,600,000.00Cash Outflow Farm Tools And Equipment 50,080.00 Delivery Equipment 270,000.00 Office Equipment 18,200.00 Furniture And Fixtures 18,720.00 Farm Supplies 2,401,136.50 Office Supplies 485.00 Land 450,000.00 Building And Facilities 1,222,000.00 Pre-Operating Expense 17,200.00Net Cash Flow 154,178.50 * 84. The E&J FARMS Pre Operating Statement Of Financial PositionASSETSCURRENT ASSETS Cash And Cash Equivalent 154,178.50Inventories 2,401,621.50NON CURRENT ASSETSPROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT 357,000.00BUILDING AND FACILITIES 1,222,000.00LAND 450,000.00OTHER ASSETSPre Operating Expense 17,200.00TOTAL ASSETS P4,600,00.00LIABILITIES AND OWNER EQUITYOWNER’S EQUITY P4,600,000.00TOTAL LIABILITIES AND OWNER’S EQUITY P4,600,000.00 * 97. CHAPTER VIIISOCIO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY * 98. This chapter will discuss the different sectors that would benefit from the proposed business. The purpose of putting up a business is not just to generate profit but to give importance to social and economic benefit that it can provide.SOCIAL DESIRABILITY * 99. The proposed business will be located at Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite. 72% of its residents are engaged in agriculture, taking advantage of its good location which best suits the proposed business. The said business will increase rate of employment through providing job opportunities to those people who were unable to attain higher education. * 100. In putting up a business, registration of business is necessary to have permits and license from the government office. These, along with taxes are then paid as the business operates. Taxes form part of the government revenues that help to support the needs of the public. INCREASE IN GOVERNMENT REVENUE * 101. The proposed business will employ people who have knowledge about agriculture preferably those who are living within the adjacent area of the location of the proposed business. These employees will receive fair compensation according to their qualifications and performance. Salaries are based on the minimum wage set by the government.GENERATION OF EMPLOYMENT * 102. Increase in population will result in increase in demand for food, which also means an increase in demand for pork in the area. With the continuous operation of the business, the employees will be helped to uplift the standard of their living.DEVELOPMENT OF RELATED STUDY * 103. In order for the business to  operate legally, it must comply with the government requirements as follows:Mayor’s Permit, Business Permit, Certificate of Non-Coverage and other Municipal Licenses.Environmental Compliance CertificateRegistration with the SSS, Philhealth and PAG-IBIG.Registration with Bureau of Internal Revenue.LEGAL ASPECTS * 104. It will satisfy the customers’ need.It will ensure the customers the of the Farm’s product.OTHER BENEFITS * 105. CHAPTER IX CONCLUSION * 106. After studying the different aspects in establishing a Semi-commercial Hogs Farm, proponets concluded that the study is feasible and viable. The study shows the initial investment of the proposed business will be P4,600,000 with a minimum payback period of 2.54 years. * 107. The increase in the demand for pork in Alfonso, Mendez, Indang, Silang and Tagaytay City Cavite shows thatt there is still a need for the proposed business. Thus, the business is profitable.

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